NÂZİK EL-MELÂİKE VE NÂZIM HİKMET’İN ŞİİRLERİNDE BASKI, SÜRGÜN VE VATAN ÖZLEMİ
Yükleniyor...
Dosyalar
Tarih
2022-12-30
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu çalışmada, Türk şairi Nâzım Hikmet (1902-1963) ile Iraklı Arap şair Nâzik El-Melâike'nin (1923-2007) şiirlerinde baskı, sürgün ve vatan özlemi teması incelenmiştir. Nâzım Hikmet ve Nâzik El-Melâike sanat yaşamı açısından benzerlikler taşıyan iki sanatçıdır. İki şair de yakın coğrafya ve ortak siyasi, sosyal ve kültürel ortama sahiptir. Her iki şairin de sanatı benzer psikolojik ve sosyal sorunlardan etkilenmiştir. Düşünsel kaynakları farklı olsa da yaşadıkları sosyal olaylar karşısındaki evrensel ve insanî duyarlıkları benzer özellikler göstermektedir. Nâzım Hikmet, Batılı emperyalistlere karşı Anadolu'da başlamış olan Millî Mücadele'ye katılmak için 1921'de arkadaşı Vâlâ Nurettin ile Anadolu'ya geçse de cepheye gönderilmez. Bolu'da bir liseye edebiyat öğretmeni olarak atanır. Burada tanıştığı Spartaküslerden etkilenip Moskova'ya gider. Şair, hayatının bundan sonraki sürecinde savunduğu Marksist fikirler nedeniyle dönemin iktidarları ile sorunlar yaşar. Tutukluluk, hapis, kaçış ve gönüllü sürgünlük hayatı geçirir. Yaşadığı bu sıkıntıları sanatına yansıtır. Nâzik El-Melâike de 1990 yılındaki Körfez Savaşı sırasında, doğduğu ülke Irak’tan Mısır'a göç etmek zorunda kalmış ve ölümüne kadar da (2007) Kahire'de yaşamıştır. Şair, bu süreçte Irak'ta 1958 Devrimi, Baas Rejimi dönemi (1968-2003), Baas Rejimi'nin yıkılışı ve Irak'ın ABD tarafından işgal edilişi (2003) gibi sosyal olaylara ülke dışından da olsa tanıklık etmiştir. Şiirlerinde ülkesinin durumundan dolayı yaşadığı ıstırabı dile getirmiştir. Nâzım Hikmet'te baskı daha çok siyasi fikirlerinden dolayı yaşanırken, Nâzik El-Melâike'de görülen baskı unsurunun daha çok gelenekçi edebî ortamdan kaynaklandığı görülür. Her iki şairdeki sürgünlük hâli de benzer ve ortaktır. İki şairin sürgünlüğü, ülkenin içinde bulunduğu durumdan dolayı başka bir ülkeye gitmek zorunda kalmaları şeklindedir. Bir anlamda bu sürgünlük gönüllü sürgünlüktür. Bundan başka, bu sürgünlük hâlinde her iki şairde de entelektüel bir ortam arayışı da belirgindir. Her iki şairin bu gönüllü sürgünlüğü her ikisinde de yoğun bir vatan özlemine dönüşmüştür. İki şair de yaşadıkları bu olaylar sonucunda trajik bir gerçekliğin içine düşmüşlerdir. Nâzik El-Melâike'nin ‘‘Cühud"", ‘‘El-gâz’’, ‘‘Dört Mevsimin Melankolisi’’, ‘‘Aşkımı Öldürdüğümde’’, ‘‘Gençliğin Hüzünleri’’, ‘‘Hayat Vadisi’’ şiirlerinde baskı, sürgün ve vatan özleminin acı, hüzün, yalnızlık, gurbet, trajik durum, kırgınlık, sitem gibi duygulara dönüştüğü görülür. Aynı şekilde Nâzım Hikmet'in ‘‘Demir Kafeste Dolaşan Aslan’’, ‘‘Ne Güzel Şey Hatırlamak Seni’’, ‘‘Doktor Faust’un Evi’’, ‘‘Mavi Liman/Vapur’’, ‘‘Karlı Kayın Ormanı’’ gibi şiirlerinde gurbette kalmış ve hasta bir şairin yaşadığı ıstırap ve memleket özlemi vardır. Nâzım Hikmet ile Nâzik El-Melâike'nin sanatındaki bir başka ortak nokta da, her iki şairin de ülke edebiyatlarına serbest şiiri ilk getiren isim olmalarıdır. Her iki şair de bu anlamda şiirin mevcut gelenekçi yapısını kırmıştır. Nâzım Hikmet şiirlerinde Futurizm'den kaynaklı iyimser bir şiir dili kullanır. Şiiri halka yakınlaştırmak için halk dilini şiirlerinde büyük bir başarı ile kullanmıştır. Türkçenin önemli bir şairi olarak edebiyat tarihindeki yerini almıştır. Nâzik El-Melâike'nin şiir dili ise Yaşamın Trajedisi ve İnsana Şarkı adlı şiir kitabının adından da anlaşılağı üzere karamsardır. Fakat El- Melâike de Nâzım Hikmet gibi şiir dilinde yenilikçi bir şair olmuştur. ?
In this study, the themes of oppression, exile and longing for homeland in the poems of the Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet (1902-1963) and the Iraqi Arab poetess Nâzik El-Melâike (1923-2007) have been examined. Nâzım Hikmet and Nâzik El-Melâike are two poets who have similarities in terms of poetic life. Both poets have close geography and common political, social and cultural environment. The poetry of both poets has been affected by similar psychological and social problems. Although their intellectual resources are different, their universal and human sensitivities against the social events they experience show similar characteristics. Although Nâzım Hikmet went to Anatolia with his friend Vala Nurettin in 1921 to join the National Struggle that had started in Anatolia against the Western imperialists, he was not sent to the battlefield. He is employed in a high school in Bolu as a literature teacher. Impressed by Spartacus, whom he met here, Nâzım Hikmet goes to Moscow. The poet has problems with the governments at that time because of the Marxist ideas he has defended in the next period of his life. He has spent most of his life in imprisonment, arrest, and exile. He reflects these matters in his poetry. During the Gulf War in 1990, Nâzik El-Melâike had to immigrate from Iraq, the country of her birth, to Egypt and lived in Cairo until her death in 2007. In this process, the poetess witnessed social events such as the 1958 Revolution in Iraq, the Baath Regime period (1968-2003), the collapse of the Baath Regime and the occupation of Iraq by the USA (2003), albeit from abroad. In her poems, she expressed her suffering due to the situation of her country. While oppression in Nâzım Hikmet is experienced mostly due to his political ideas, it is seen that the element of oppression seen in Nâzik El-Melâike mostly stems from the traditional literary environment. The state of exile in both poets is similar and common. The exile of two poets is that they have to go to another country due to the situation in the country. In this sense, this exile is a willful exile. Moreover, the search for an intellectual environment is evident in both poets in this state of exile. This willful exile of both poets has turned into an intense longing for homeland in both of them. As a result of these events, both poets have fallen into a tragic reality. İn Nâzik El-Melâike’s poems ""Ingratitude"", ""Puzzles"", ""The Melancholy of the Four Seasons"", ""When I Killed My Love"", ""Sorrows of Youth"", ""Valley of Life"", it is seen that persecution, exile and homesickness turn into feelings such as pain, sadness, loneliness, expatriation, tragic situation, resentment, and reproach. Likewise, among Nâzım Hikmet's poems are ""The Lion Wandering in an Iron Cage"", ""What a Beautiful Thing to Remember You"". In his poems such as ""Doctor Faust's House"", ""Blue Harbor/Steamboat"", ""Snowy Beech Forest"", NâzIm Hikmet reveals the suffering of a sick poet living abroad and struggles with homesickness. Another common point in the art of Nâzım Hikmet and Nâzik El-Melâike is that both poets were the first to bring free poetry to their country's literature. In this sense, both poets have broken the existing traditionalist structure of poetry. Nâzım Hikmet uses an optimistic poetic language originating from Futurism in his poems. He successfully used the colloquial language in his poems in order to bring poetry closer to the people. As an important Turk poet, Hikmet has taken his place in the history of literature. The poetic language of Nâzik El-Melâike is pessimistic, as can be understood from the title of her poetry book, The Tragedy of Life and the Song to Man. But El-Melâike, like Nâzım Hikmet, became an innovative poet in the language of poetry."
In this study, the themes of oppression, exile and longing for homeland in the poems of the Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet (1902-1963) and the Iraqi Arab poetess Nâzik El-Melâike (1923-2007) have been examined. Nâzım Hikmet and Nâzik El-Melâike are two poets who have similarities in terms of poetic life. Both poets have close geography and common political, social and cultural environment. The poetry of both poets has been affected by similar psychological and social problems. Although their intellectual resources are different, their universal and human sensitivities against the social events they experience show similar characteristics. Although Nâzım Hikmet went to Anatolia with his friend Vala Nurettin in 1921 to join the National Struggle that had started in Anatolia against the Western imperialists, he was not sent to the battlefield. He is employed in a high school in Bolu as a literature teacher. Impressed by Spartacus, whom he met here, Nâzım Hikmet goes to Moscow. The poet has problems with the governments at that time because of the Marxist ideas he has defended in the next period of his life. He has spent most of his life in imprisonment, arrest, and exile. He reflects these matters in his poetry. During the Gulf War in 1990, Nâzik El-Melâike had to immigrate from Iraq, the country of her birth, to Egypt and lived in Cairo until her death in 2007. In this process, the poetess witnessed social events such as the 1958 Revolution in Iraq, the Baath Regime period (1968-2003), the collapse of the Baath Regime and the occupation of Iraq by the USA (2003), albeit from abroad. In her poems, she expressed her suffering due to the situation of her country. While oppression in Nâzım Hikmet is experienced mostly due to his political ideas, it is seen that the element of oppression seen in Nâzik El-Melâike mostly stems from the traditional literary environment. The state of exile in both poets is similar and common. The exile of two poets is that they have to go to another country due to the situation in the country. In this sense, this exile is a willful exile. Moreover, the search for an intellectual environment is evident in both poets in this state of exile. This willful exile of both poets has turned into an intense longing for homeland in both of them. As a result of these events, both poets have fallen into a tragic reality. İn Nâzik El-Melâike’s poems ""Ingratitude"", ""Puzzles"", ""The Melancholy of the Four Seasons"", ""When I Killed My Love"", ""Sorrows of Youth"", ""Valley of Life"", it is seen that persecution, exile and homesickness turn into feelings such as pain, sadness, loneliness, expatriation, tragic situation, resentment, and reproach. Likewise, among Nâzım Hikmet's poems are ""The Lion Wandering in an Iron Cage"", ""What a Beautiful Thing to Remember You"". In his poems such as ""Doctor Faust's House"", ""Blue Harbor/Steamboat"", ""Snowy Beech Forest"", NâzIm Hikmet reveals the suffering of a sick poet living abroad and struggles with homesickness. Another common point in the art of Nâzım Hikmet and Nâzik El-Melâike is that both poets were the first to bring free poetry to their country's literature. In this sense, both poets have broken the existing traditionalist structure of poetry. Nâzım Hikmet uses an optimistic poetic language originating from Futurism in his poems. He successfully used the colloquial language in his poems in order to bring poetry closer to the people. As an important Turk poet, Hikmet has taken his place in the history of literature. The poetic language of Nâzik El-Melâike is pessimistic, as can be understood from the title of her poetry book, The Tragedy of Life and the Song to Man. But El-Melâike, like Nâzım Hikmet, became an innovative poet in the language of poetry."
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Irak Arap Şiiri, Türk Şiiri, Nâzik El-Melâike, Nâzım Hikmet, Baskı, Sürgün, Vatan özlemi, Iraqi Arabic Poetry, Turkish Poetry, Nâzik El-Melâike, Nâzım Hikmet, Oppression, Exile, Homesickness