Hao, NaijiaAlper, KorayPatel, HimanshuTekin, KubilayKaragoz, SelhanRagauskas, Arthur J.2024-09-292024-09-2920200016-23611873-7153https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118200https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14619/4673Direct one-pot transformation of lignocellulosic biomass has been developed as an effective and sustainable strategy to produce fuel blend stocks and high value chemical building blocks. In this wok, a bi-functional catalyst system consisting of palladium supported on carbon (Pd/C) and metal triflates (i.e., Sm(OTf)(3), La(OTf)(3), and Cu(OTf)(3) were shown to promote the biomass liquefaction in both hot-compressed water and supercritical ethanol medium, converting fir wood into oxygenated compounds. The highest bio-oil yield from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) was 10.47 wt% over Pd/C whereas the highest bio-oil yield of 49.71 wt% was achieved from supercritical ethanol liquefaction (SCEL) over the bi-functional catalyst system of Pd/C and La(OTf)(3). Higher heating values, carbon recovered values and boiling point distributions were further determined for elucidating the physical properties of the bio-oils. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the bio-oils revealed the chemical composition of the bio-oils. Substituted phenols and cyclopentenone/cyclopentanone type compounds consisted of more than 60 area% of the total products from HTL, whereas phenol and esters represented the major products from SCEL. The major reaction pathways are proposed based on the GC-MS results, which include depolymerizaton, isomerization, dehydration, condensation, and hydrogenation.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessBio-oilWater soluble Lewis acidSupercritical ethanol processingArticle10.1016/j.fuel.2020.1182002-s2.0-85085759154Q1277WOS:000541255200081Q1