Ercan, BetulAjagbe, Yusuf O.Ucar, SuatTekin, KubilayKaragoz, Selhan2024-09-292024-09-2920220930-75161521-4125https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.202200117https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14619/3651Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an important thermochemical process where biomass is converted into coal-like solid products known as hydrochars. The HTC process is performed in hot-compressed water under self-generated pressures. In this work, the HTC of acorn shells was conducted at various temperatures and reaction times with and without boric acid (H3BO3). A high degree of carbonization occurred at 250 degrees C in non-catalytic and catalytic 4-h runs. Hydrochars obtained from non-catalytic and catalytic runs at 250 degrees C consisted of spherically carbon particles with diameters ranging from 303 nm to 3.27 mu m. Carbon spheres at 200 and 225 degrees C for 2 h were not observed. The yield and carbon content of the hydrochars were slightly increased by reuse of the process water in thermal runs without catalysts.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessBiorefiningBoric acidHydrocharsHydrothermal carbonizationLignocellulosic biomassArticle10.1002/ceat.2022001172-s2.0-85138645601212211Q2211245WOS:000860169100001Q3