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Öğe CYBER ATTACKS on SCADA BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS in the SMART CITIES(International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2021) Özarpa, C.; Avcl, A.; Klnacl, B.F.; ArapoAlu, S.; Kara, S.A.There are regular developments and changes in cities. Developments in cities have affected transportation, and traffic control tools have changed. Traffic signs and traffic lights have been used to direct pedestrians and vehicles correctly. Traffic light control systems are used to ensure the safety of vehicles and pedestrians, increase the fluency in traffic, guide them in transportation, warn pedestrians and drivers, and regulate and control transportation disruptions. In order to facilitate people's lives, it is desired to control the traffic components autonomously with the developments in autonomous systems. Cyber threats arise due to the active use of the internet and signals or frequencies in the use of modules that will provide communication with traffic lights, traffic signs, and vehicles, which are traffic components at the inter-sections of many roads in the control of central systems. The study is limited to smart traffic lights, which are traffic components. If we examine the cyber-Attacks, we can see that Malware Attacks, Buffer Overflow Attacks, DoS attacks, and Jamming Attacks can be made. Network-Based Intrusion Detection Systems and Host-Based Intrusion Detection Systems can be used to detect and stop Malware Attacks, Buffer Overflow Attacks, DoS attacks, and Jamming Attacks. Intrusion detection systems tell us whether the data poses a threat or does not pose after the data passing through the system is examined. In this way, system protection is ensured by controlling the data traffic in the system. © Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License.Öğe Cyberattack Measures in Smart Cities and Grids(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Özarpa, C.; Avci, I.; Kinaci, B.F.In recent years, the development of technology has contributed to the development of smart networks and cities. Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are used in smart cities and grids, and the security weaknesses of these technologies on communication protocols gain importance in terms of cybersecurity. Bus stops, traffic lights, public vehicles, street lamps, and similar materials in smart cities are designed by following the developing technology. In addition, the use of smart grids in the field of energy, such as natural gas, electricity, and water, has been increasing all over the world in recent years. Also, the rise of IoT can create wide vulnerabilities that cybercriminals and other malicious individuals can exploit. Neglecting cyberattacks poses a serious risk, as smart cities and grids are designed to increase productivity and efficiency in terms of well-being. Today, smart city systems have a very serious potential cybersecurity vulnerability, and these cyber risks can be reduced or eliminated with a few measures. With the development of technology, the cybersecurity problems of the systems used in smart networks and cities have become important. In this study, 17 cyberattacks in smart cities, grids, and used IoT systems, security vulnerabilities that may be encountered in these systems, and security measures that can be taken against them are given in detail. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe International Security Standards for Critical Oil, Gas, and Electricity Infrastructures in Smart Cities: A Survey Study(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Özarpa, C.; Aydin, M.A.; Avci, I.International security standards used in smart grids, industrial control systems, and critical infrastructures have become important for institutions and organizations. Within the framework of these standards, it is aimed to increase the security and durability of smart networks, industrial control systems, and critical infrastructures. When determining the most useful best practice standards and guidance for implementing effective cybersecurity and information security, it is important to determine the role and scope of each, and how it will interact with other standards and guidance. Cybersecurity and information security standards are applied to all organizations in which they operate, regardless of sector and institution, regardless of their size. This study provides general information about international information and cybersecurity standards used and referenced in the detection and protection of security vulnerabilities in smart grids, industrial control systems, and critical infrastructure systems. In this study, we investigate 31 international security standards in smart grids, industrial control systems, and critical infrastructures concerning their origin country and publication date covering the years from 1971 to 2020. According to our research results, 22 security standards were developed in the USA. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Machine Learning Applications and Security Analysis in Smart Cities(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Avci, I.; Özarpa, C.The development of technologies, smart grids, and cities has also been increasing in recent years. At the beginning of these technologies are the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and machine learning. In addition to these technologies, the connections of systems used in smart cities with IoT technologies gain importance. The basic principle of smart cities is that all systems used are smart, controllable, and remotely manageable. In addition, the sustainability of IoT systems in smart cities and providing added value in terms of cost is an important issue. This chapter, it is aimed to propose solutions by taking precautions in terms of security, the rise in the use of IoT technologies in smart cities and networks. When the applications developed with machine learning in smart cities are examined, smart stalls, smart traffic lights, smart waste, air pollution and quality forecasts, adequate transportation, smart parking, smart hotel, and smart health systems stand out as the most frequently used applications. While smart cities are designed to increase productivity and efficiency, neglecting security poses serious risks. In this chapter, the security risks of machine learning applications in smart cities are evaluated. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
