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Öğe Multivariate Analysis for Air Contamination and Meteorological Parameters in Zonguldak, Turkey(Jordan University of Science and Technology, 2022) Ulutas, K.; Alkarkhi, A.F.M.; Abujayyab, S.K.M.; Abu, Amr, S.S.This study evaluates the concentration of PM10, PM2.5, NOx, NO2, CO and SO2 parameters and the four climatological parameters (temperature, wind speed, humidity and net radiation flux) during the four seasons. Various statistical techniques were utilized to study the behavior of the selected parameters during the seasons. Descriptive statistics exhibited that the studied parameters have high concentrations in winter, except for NO2 (which has a high concentration in autumn), while the concentrations of those parameters were the lowest in summer, except for NO2 and NOX (which have high concentrations in spring). Factor analysis (FA) showed that more than 80% of the total variation belongs to two factors, where 19.47% of the variation was due to wind speed and humidity, while other parameters were responsible for 62.90% of the total variation. Cluster analysis (CA) evaluated the similarity and dissimilarity between various elements through identifying four clusters representing the seasons; cluster 1: autumn, cluster 2: winter, cluster 3: spring and cluster 4: summer. This clustering indicates that the four seasons are entirely different. The highest dissimilarity was reported between summer and the other seasons. CA also classified all parameters into five statistically different clusters; cluster 1: PM10, PM 2.5 and CO; cluster 2: SO2, NOX and NO2; cluster 3: humidity; cluster 4: temperature and radiation and cluster 5: wind speed. This study illustrates the benefits of using multivariate techniques for the evaluation and interpretation of the total variation to get a better picture of the pollution sources/factors and understand the behaviors of the parameters in the air. © 2022 JUST. All Rights Reserved.Öğe Navigating heavy metal removal: Insights into advanced treatment technologies for wastewater: A review(Global NEST, 2024) Abdullayev, E.; Vakili, A.H.; Abu, Amr, S.S.; Karaagaç, S.U.; Alazaiza, M.Y.D.This paper provides an overview of heavy metal removal technologies for wastewater treatment, with a focus on adsorption, chemical oxidation, ion exchange, and various coagulation processes. The review revolves around wastewater characterization as an essential first step in creating efficient treatment systems. The study examines the uses of different treatment technologies, emphasizing both their benefits and drawbacks. Although flocculation is a rapid and economical procedure, it produces high amounts of waste and needs further filtration and sedimentation. In addition, natural coagulants are found to be more environmentally friendly than synthetic ones, their effects on water quality may make disinfectants necessary. Despite their low toxicity, stability, and environmental advantages, hybrid coagulants have certain drawbacks that are related to operational variables. Despite its broad applicability and low cost, adsorption faces challenges with regeneration and sludge creation. Although it is acknowledged to have a high metal recovery rate, ion exchange is expensive and requires special maintenance. Chemical oxidation techniques, in particular advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are useful for eliminating heavy metals and breaking down organic materials. The limitations and difficulties of each approach are discussed in the abstract's conclusion, which highlights the necessity of future study aimed at enhancing treatment efficacy for extremely low quantities of heavy metals. The AOP shows a high efficiency in heavy metals removal with 98% of copper and 99% of cadmium. Adsorption technologies, such as activated carbon and zeolites, demonstrate high metal recovery rates of up to 95%. Ion exchange processes effectively remove heavy metals like mercury and arsenic, achieving removal efficiencies exceeding 99%. © 2024 Global NEST Printed in Greece. All rights reserved.Öğe Strategies for Municipal Solid Waste: Functional Elements, Integrated Management, and Legislative Aspects(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Aziz, H.A.; Abu, Amr, S.S.Solid waste production has increased as a result of population growth, industrial development, and urbanisation. Solid waste complications can be traced all the way back to ancient times. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the waste produced and collected in a city, and it is primarily associated with waste generated in the residential, manufacturing, commercial, and institutional sectors. The amount and type of waste generated vary by region. New and effective strategies for designing urbanisation models are needed, as are policies for effective solid waste management. Solid waste management encompasses all forms of waste treatment, processing, transportation, sorting, disposal, and related management. It does not end by collection; it needs to be done with the wastes is an important part of the overall management procedure. This chapter contains basic waste information. They differ in terms of form, source, quantity, and composition. The functional elements of the waste management system are then addressed, which include storage, collection, transportation, recovery and processing, composting, thermal treatment, and final disposal, among other things. There is also a discussion of waste legislation, accompanied by examples of integrated solid waste management. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
