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Öğe Application of Natural Coagulants for Pharmaceutical Removal from Water and Wastewater: A Review(Mdpi, 2022) Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Albahnasawi, Ahmed; Ali, Gomaa A. M.; Bashir, Mohammed J. K.; Nassani, Dia Eddin; Al Maskari, Tahra; Amr, Salem S. AbuPharmaceutical contamination threatens both humans and the environment, and several technologies have been adapted for the removal of pharmaceuticals. The coagulation-flocculation process demonstrates a feasible solution for pharmaceutical removal. However, the chemical coagulation process has its drawbacks, such as excessive and toxic sludge production and high production cost. To overcome these shortcomings, the feasibility of natural-based coagulants, due to their biodegradability, safety, and availability, has been investigated by several researchers. This review presented the recent advances of using natural coagulants for pharmaceutical compound removal from aqueous solutions. The main mechanisms of natural coagulants for pharmaceutical removal from water and wastewater are charge neutralization and polymer bridges. Natural coagulants extracted from plants are more commonly investigated than those extracted from animals due to their affordability. Natural coagulants are competitive in terms of their performance and environmental sustainability. Developing a reliable extraction method is required, and therefore further investigation is essential to obtain a complete insight regarding the performance and the effect of environmental factors during pharmaceutical removal by natural coagulants. Finally, the indirect application of natural coagulants is an essential step for implementing green water and wastewater treatment technologies.Öğe Microplastic in the environment: identification, occurrence, and mitigation measures(Elsevier Science Inc, 2022) Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Albahnasawi, Ahmed; Al-Maskari, Omar; Ali, Gomaa A. M.; Eyvaz, Murat; Abujazar, Mohammed Shadi S.; Abu Amr, Salem S.Microplastic is an emerging pollutant causing trouble worldwide due to its extensive distribu-tion and potential hazards to the ecological system. Some fundamental questions about micro -plastics, such as their presence, source, and possible hazards, remain unanswered. These issues develop because of a lack of systematic and comprehensive microplastic analysis. As a result, we thoroughly evaluated current knowledge on microplastics, including detection, characterization, occurrence, source, and potential harm. Microplastics are found in seawater, soil, wetlands, and air matrices worldwide based on findings. Visual classification, which can be enhanced by com-bining it with additional tools, is one of the most used methods for identifying microplastics. As soon as is practicable, microplastics analytical methods ought to be standardized. New techniques for analyzing nano-plastics are urgently needed in the meantime. Numerous studies have shown that microplastics??? impacts on people and soil are significantly influenced by their size, shape, and surface physicochemical characteristics. Finally, this study suggests areas for future research based on the knowledge gaps in the area of microplastics.Öğe Nanoscale zero-valent iron application for the treatment of soil, wastewater and groundwater contaminated with heavy metals: a review(Desalination Publ, 2022) Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Albahnasawi, Ahmed; Copty, Nadim K.; Bashir, Mohammed J. K.; Nassani, Dia Eddin; Al Maskari, Tahra; Abu Amr, Salem S.Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been extensively investigated for the remediation of soil, wastewater, and groundwater contaminated with heavy metals. This paper presents a collective review of nZVI synthesis, nZVI interaction mechanisms with heavy metals, factors affecting nZVI reactivity, recent applications of nZVI for heavy metals removal, and the environmental concerns of nZVI application for soil microorganisms and plants. Modified nZVI, spatially biochar supported nZVI (BC@nZVI) and sulfidation nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) showed high heavy metals removal efficiency and more stable performance compared to nZVI alone. The removal of heavy metals by nZVI is as a synergistic process where adsorption, oxidation/reduction and precipitation occur simultaneously or in series. pH and organic matter are the main factors that significantly affect nZVI reactivity. Toxic effects of nZVI are observed for the soil microorganisms as the direct contact may cause a decrease in cell viability and membrane damage. A low concentration of nZVI promotes the growth of plant whereas high concentration decreases root length. It is observed that, further research is needed to enhance nZVI recovery techniques, evaluate the effectiveness of novel modified nZVI and their effects on the environment, and the full-scale application of nZVI.Öğe Recent Advances of Nanoremediation Technologies for Soil and Groundwater Remediation: A Review(Mdpi, 2021) Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Albahnasawi, Ahmed; Ali, Gomaa A. M.; Bashir, Mohammed J. K.; Copty, Nadim K.; Abu Amr, Salem S.; Abushammala, Mohammed F. M.Nanotechnology has been widely used in many fields including in soil and groundwater remediation. Nanoremediation has emerged as an effective, rapid, and efficient technology for soil and groundwater contaminated with petroleum pollutants and heavy metals. This review provides an overview of the application of nanomaterials for environmental cleanup, such as soil and groundwater remediation. Four types of nanomaterials, namely nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and metallic and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), are presented and discussed. In addition, the potential environmental risks of the nanomaterial application in soil remediation are highlighted. Moreover, this review provides insight into the combination of nanoremediation with other remediation technologies. The study demonstrates that nZVI had been widely studied for high-efficiency environmental remediation due to its high reactivity and excellent contaminant immobilization capability. CNTs have received more attention for remediation of organic and inorganic contaminants because of their unique adsorption characteristics. Environmental remediations using metal and MNPs are also favorable due to their facile magnetic separation and unique metal-ion adsorption. The modified nZVI showed less toxicity towards soil bacteria than bare nZVI; thus, modifying or coating nZVI could reduce its ecotoxicity. The combination of nanoremediation with other remediation technology is shown to be a valuable soil remediation technique as the synergetic effects may increase the sustainability of the applied process towards green technology for soil remediation.Öğe Thermal based remediation technologies for soil and groundwater: a review(Desalination Publ, 2022) Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Albahnasawi, Ahmed; Copty, Nadim K.; Ali, Gomaa A. M.; Bashir, Mohammed J. K.; Al Maskari, Tahra; Abu Amr, Salem S.Thermal remediation technologies are fast and effective tools for the remediation of contaminated soils and sediments. Nevertheless, the high energy consumption and the effect of high temperature on the soil properties may hinder the wide applications of thermal remediation methods. This review highlights the recent studies focused on thermal remediation. Eight types of thermal remediation processes are discussed, including incineration, thermal desorption, stream enhanced extraction, electrical resistance heating, microwave heating, smoldering, vitrification, and pyrolysis. In addition, the combination of thermal remediation with other remediation technologies is presented. Finally, thermal remediation sustainability is evaluated in terms of energy efficiency and their impact on soil properties. The developments of the past decade show that thermal-based technologies are quite effective in terms of contaminant removal but that these technologies are associated with high energy use and costs and can has an adverse impact on soil properties. Nonetheless, it is anticipated that continued research on thermally based technologies can increase their sustainability and expand their applications. Low temperature thermal desorption is a promising remediation technology in terms of land use and energy cost as it has no adverse effect on soil function after treatment and low temperature is required. Overall, selecting the sustainable remediation technology depends on the contaminant properties, soil properties and predicted risk level.
