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    Effects of nano-additives in developing alternative fuel strategy for CI engines: A critical review with a focus on the performance and emission characteristics
    (Elsevier, 2024) Hamzah, Ameer Hasan; Akroot, Abdulrazzak; Wahhab, Hasanain A. Abdul; Ghazal, Rabeea M.; Alhamd, Abdulrahman E. J.; Bdaiwi, Mothana
    Compression ignition (CI) engines are widely used in transportation and industry due to their reliability and high thermal efficiency. On the other hand, the use of CI engines coincides with the emission of harmful pollutants, and to address these problems, researchers were interested in studying the use of different types of fuel and additives, such as biodiesel, ethanol, and nanoparticles. Generally, there are increasing views that adding Nanoadditives to fuel improves the thermo physical properties and helps enhance combustion characteristics. More so, the investment of Nano-fuel additives generally leads to premature combustion and accelerated ignition of the fuel charge inside the engine cylinder. What's more, the optimal amount of Nano fuel additives is associated with improvements in ignition characteristics and reduced exhaust emissions. This review concentrated on recent advancements in the use of nanoparticles, specifically different types from Nanoparticles, as a diesel fuel additive, including experimental and theoretical analyses. This study's findings can contribute to the development of a more efficient and environmentally friendly diesel engine technology. Finally, potential mechanisms underlying improvements in diesel properties and combustion are also reviewed and discussed.