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Öğe Accuracy for Diagnosis of Heart Disease Using Sim Supervisor Algorithm(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2023) Abdlkareem, M.G.; Alkhafaji, M.A.; Güneser, M.T.In this paper, a model for heart disease diagnosis using semi-supervised learning methods has been proposed. The proposed method, uses Semi-Supervised Support Vector Machine (S3VM) for heart disease diagnosis. Also, Expectation Maximization (EM) method is used for handling missing values in patient's observed data; which can improve diagnosis accuracy greatly. Thus, our proposed method for diagnosing heart disease, consists of three steps: "preprocessing by EM", "extracting features by PCA" and "disease detection using S3VM". In the evaluation of the proposed method, a real dataset containing medical information of 270 patients was used. Each data record had 13 attributes, which were reduced to 10 using the PCA algorithm. The results of the proposed model has been compared with other classification algorithms. Experimental results shows that using the proposed system, we could diagnose heart disease with an average accuracy of 83%. The results of this study show that the proposed method has better performance in terms of accuracy as well as in terms of specificity and sensitivity criteria and can be a useful tool for early heart disease diagnosis. © 2023 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.Öğe Collision Free Energy Efficient Multipath UAV-2-GV Communication in VANET Routing Protocol(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Alkhafaji, M.A.; Abdulsattar, N.F.; Mutar, M.H.; Alkhayyat, A.H.; Al-Azzawi, W.K.; Abbas, F.H.; Guneser, M.T.Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are extensively utilized in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for their various communication modes, including vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure. VANETs are equipped with certain special characteristics such as dynamic mobility, high-speed vehicles, and so on. Both the transmission models are ineffective when it is applied to the high-speed vehicles. During transmission vehicles will transfer the information to the road side unit (RSU), but RSU deployment is the most challenging task. Due to improper deployment of RSU, deployment cost of the network gets increased, end-to-end delay get increased as well as it directly reduced the performance of packet delivery ratio and throughput calculation of the network. In order to overcome these drawbacks, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are introduced in VANETs. In this paper, Collision Free Energy Efficient Multipath UAV-2-GV communication (CEM-UAVs) is proposed to improve the stability of the VANETs. This CEM-UAVs protocol is segmented into two parts; they are collision free path selection and energy efficient multipath UAV communication. Using UAVs-based data, transmission greatly reduces the delay and loss produced by the ground level traffic and congestion in the network. To analysis the performance of the proposed CEM-UAVs protocol, NS2 software is used. Four parameters are calculated to investigate the performance of the proposed CEM-UAVs protocol; they are end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and number of UAVs count and throughput as well as it is compared with the earlier research works such as NC-UAVs and DP-UAVs. From the results it is proven that the proposed CEM-UAVs protocol produced 160–260 ms lower end-to-end delay, 8–10% higher packet delivery ratio, 100UAVs to 280UAVs lower UAVs count, and 1200–2000 Kbps higher throughput when compared with the earlier works NC-UAVs and DP-UAVs. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Öğe Design and Simulation for Triple-Band Metasurface Slot Antenna(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2023) Gatea, Q.M.; Alkhafaji, M.A.; Güneser, M.T.The proposed antenna works well in three resonant frequencies for various applications such as Wi-Fi and WiMAX, with good rejection of other frequencies to prevent interference between these applications' work and other applications operating in the same bandwidth. There are three bands: 2.7 GHz, 7.27 GHz, and 8.67 GHz, with respective gain values of 7.19 dBi, 8.96 dBi, and 1.97 dBi. The cells are created by connecting two opposed letters C of varied sizes so that the smallest gets contained within the biggest. The standard antenna was integrated with the metasurface layer using Fabry-Pérot resonating cavity theory, and there is an air gap between them. The simulation was carried out using the CST program. © 2023 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.Öğe Energy Efficient Improving Routing Model for UAVs Assisted Vehicular Adhoc Networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Alsalamy, A.; Abedi, F.; Abbas, F.H.; Noori, M.S.; Alkhafaji, M.A.; Alkhayyat, A.; Alani, S.Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) have widespread applications in intelligent transportation systems, serving diverse purposes. These networks are characterized by their dynamic nature, which unfortunately leads to communication instability, causing increased energy consumption, delays, and routing overhead. To overcome obstacles at ground level, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are introduced, enabling data transmission through an aerial medium, free from ground-level obstructions. However, for effective communication in UAV-assisted VANETs, a reliable routing protocol is essential. This paper proposes an improved routing model for UAV-assisted VANETs, called IUAVA-RP, which employs parameter-based routing and optimal path selection. The optimal path selection is performed using a decision-making process, resulting in highly effective and optimal routing for efficient data transmission. The proposed IUAVA-RP protocol is simulated using NS2 and SUMO, and its performance analysis includes parameters such as: energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead. Comparative analysis is conducted with two existing protocols, HGFA-RP and AOMDV-RP. The results demonstrate that the proposed IUAVA-RP protocol achieves higher energy efficiency and packet delivery ratio, as well as lower end-to-end delay and routing overhead compared to the earlier protocols. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Mobility and Resource Allocation with Intelligent Clustering in UAVs Assisted VANETs(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Mahmood, S.N.; Al-Dolaimy, F.; Alkhayyat, A.; Alani, S.; Alkhafaji, M.A.; Abbas, F.H.; Guneser, M.T.In the past decade, there has been significant development and utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) across various applications. The integration of UAVs in VANETs has provided vehicles with enhanced performance by enabling communication through an aerial medium, thereby bypassing ground-level obstacles. Efficient management of mobility and network resources becomes crucial when dealing with a large number of highly dynamic vehicles. To address this, the proposed approach in this paper is Mobility and Resource Allocation with Intelligent Clustering in UAVs-assisted VANETs (MRAIC-UAVs). The key components of the proposed approach include the network model, mobility model, clustering strategy, and UAVs Cluster Head (CH) selection process. The selection of CHs is based on the evaluation of parameters such as residual energy, UAVs mobility, UAVs degree difference, distance, and UAVs stability. This approach significantly improves network energy efficiency and packet delivery ratio. The simulation is conducted using OMNET++ with the SUMO mobility generator, and a comparison is made with earlier models such as PRO-UAVs and RJEDC-UAVs. The performance analysis considers parameters such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, energy efficiency, and energy consumption. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MRAIC-UAVs approach achieves higher energy efficiency and packet delivery ratio while exhibiting lower end-to-end delay and energy consumption compared to earlier approaches. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Modeling and Simulation of A Photovoltaic Cell Module Controlled with Nonlinear Autoregressive Moving Average-L2 Controller(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Alkhafaji, M.A.; Uzun, Y.The photovoltaic cells are deemed one of the most important modern sources of renewable energy due to its direct dependence on solar energy, its low maintenance, and environmental protection. These characteristics led many specialists to study and develop this type of renewable energy. This research paper includes simulations for the design of single-diodes solar cells under the influence of different temperatures and saturation conditions to demonstrate the efficacy of the solar cell. It is also known that the solar cell must be linked to a power controller and here it will be used as an artificial neural network (ANN) technology which is the nonlinear autoregressive moving average (NARMA) by using MATLAB program to control the output power of the PV cell. Hence, the simulation results will show the comparison with and without using the NARMA-L2 controller as a maximum power point tracking (MPPT). © 2020 IEEE.Öğe A Reliable Transmission and Extraction of Textual Information Using Keyless Encryption, Steganography, and Deep Algorithm with Cuckoo Optimization(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Pandey, B.K.; Pandey, D.; Alkhafaji, M.A.; Güneser, M.T.; Seker, C.The entire work postulates a fusion of an innovative keyless image encoding approach based on a chaotic map and steganography. Nearly every single picture element has been encrypted by rearranging pixel values that are then assessed by such an adapted cat map as well as steganography has been used in the suggested methodology to transmit keyless encoded textual information utilizing a cover image, with encoded textual image information inserted into cover images. But on the other hand, retrieving textual images embedded in the receiver has indeed been regarded as the most challenging process. Furthermore, a sender will indeed transfer reasoning rather than a key to the recipient, ignoring the fact that acquiring engrained textual information hidden inside the cover image to enhance efficiency would have been challenging. Steganography was easily accomplished by placing data bits of secret textual image information into the cover image’s least significant bit of picture elements. The image quality, on the other hand, suffers greatly from the inclusion of an encrypted message. Images could indeed cause some disturbances from time to time. As a consequence, non-smooth areas of the image have been regarded as smooth. Therefore, the weighted Naive Bayes algorithm (NBA) method is being used in the illustration to retrieve the appropriate textual image information from complicated deteriorated images. Normally, images comprise a small amount of noise, so the introduction of the guided filter (GF) during the initial preprocessing phase is required. A very important feature in the textual image information extraction procedure was obtained utilizing a variety of techniques, including Gabor transform (GT), weighted Naive Bayes algorithms (WNBA), and a high-quality learning procedure for standard procedure. Eventually, textual content identification and recognition are performed using a combination of DNN and cuckoo algorithms. Again, for the proposed system, the set of data IIIT5K is being used, as well as high performance has been gained with parameters such as mean square error and peak signal-to-noise ratio. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.Öğe Trust based Data Dissemination and Queue Management for Vehicular Communication Networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Ali, R.R.; Alkhafaji, M.A.; Guneser, M.T.; Al-Dolaimy, F.; Alsalamy, A.; Alani, S.; Abbas, F.H.A Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is used in maximum of the applications of intelligent transportation system (ITS). It is one among the high-speed communication networks as the results it undergone few of the drawbacks such as congestion occurrence, computation delay and overhead occurrence and so on. It is essential to monitor the network periodically and complicated to monitor the VANETs. In this paper, a Trust based Data dissemination and Queue management for VANETs (TDQ-VANETs) are introduced. At the initial stage, before the data transmission direct trust, indirect trust and total trust values of each vehicle are measured and it gets updated periodically. At the time of data transmission queue management is performed using dual queue model that employs both CSMA and TDMA models to transfer the data. The simulation of the proposed TDQ-VANETs approach is performed in NS2 and SUMO. The packet delivery rate, computational delay, computational overhead and throughput are the parameters used for performance analysis. The results compared with the earlier approaches such as AJ-MOFA and RO-DLAA. The results show that the TDQ-VANETs approach achieved superior performance in terms of packet delivery ratio and throughput. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Wideband and High Gain Antenna of Flowers Patches for Wireless Application(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Gatea, Q.M.; Alkhafaji, M.A.; Guneser, M.T.; Obaid, A.J.Because of its modest properties, the slot antenna has become an unsuitable contender in many applications. To achieve high gain, small size, and a wide frequency range in the proposed antenna, two layers of flower-shaped cells are positioned at various heights according to Al-Fabry–Perot theory. The improvements in antenna performance extended to the feed line and the slot drilled by the ground plate, allowing the amount of current flowing to be controlled. The number of cells in each of the metasurface layers above the typical antenna is 4 × 4. The antenna has a peak gain of 9.8 dB and a bandwidth of 2.6 GHz between 4.33 and 6.93 GHz. The CST software was used to carry out the simulation procedure. The antenna’s characteristics have made it an excellent contender for wireless applications. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
