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Öğe Advantages of Utilizing the Solar Water Heating Technology in Reducing Total Electricity Consumption and Improving Grid Efficiency: A Case Study of Benghazi, Libya(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Almaktar, M.; Hussein, T.; Rahman, H.A.; Albreki, A.M.Fossil fuels based electricity is dominating in Libya. Nonetheless, the inefficient residential sector, particularly the electric water heating, is consuming a significant figure of the total electricity consumption, contributing to the blackouts which have been frequently hitting the country. Therefore, for a sustainable development and meeting the challenging present and future electrical energy needs, the energy efficiency (EE) and the renewable energy (RE) projects must be applied. The solar water heating (SWH) technology can play a vital role in reducing the electrical energy consumption, thus a contributing solution for the electricity shortage in Libya. More research and studies are needed to evaluate the efficiency, feasibility, and practicality of using the SWH in the residential sector. This paper investigates the electricity consumption and the performance of the national grid of Benghazi when the Electric Water Heaters (EWHs) of the end users are replaced with the SWHs. The analysis was done by using the Power System Analysis Software-NEPLAN. It was observed that a remarkable saving in electricity consumption (10-25%) and a better efficiency of the general electric transmission grid was attained in the case of utilizing the SWH technology. SWHs usually cost more to purchase and install than EWHs counterparts. However, SWHs can enhance the power system efficiency and reliability and also save money in the long run. © 2020 IEEE.Öğe Assessing STATCOM-Enabled Reactive Power Control in Fragile Power Transmission Systems: A Case Study Perspective(International Information and Engineering Technology Association, 2024) Almamoori, M.; Almaktar, M.; Khaleel, M.; Mohamed, F.; Elbreki, A.The burgeoning energy demands induced by modern civilization necessitate the procurement of additional electrical energy reserves to effectively address this escalating challenge. However, the installation of new power generation units necessitates building/upgrade of accompanying transmission infrastructure, a task fraught with complexities. To augment the loading capacity of existing transmission lines, power engineers have devised efficient solutions, one of which involves the integration of novel devices. This paper delves into the management of reactive power within vulnerable transmission networks, focusing particularly on the pivotal role of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. Among the diverse array of FACTS technologies engineered to fortify grid resilience, the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) which emerges as a transformative asset. The paper explores the integration of STATCOM within the 132 kV transmission network of the Diyala city ring power system to enhance its stability and operational efficiency. Simulations of the Diyala power network and load flow analysis were conducted using MATLAB/Simulink environment. The results unveiled a notable enhancement in power quality upon the integration of STATCOM, as compared to the base scenario devoid of such augmentation. These findings bear significant implications, offering valuable insights for the Iraqi grid operator and other nations grappling with analogous challenges pertaining to frail power networks. Incorporating such advanced devices into national electrical systems could potentially mitigate operational inefficiencies, defer infrastructure investment and bolster overall grid resilience. © 2024 The authors. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Öğe A novel passive cooling for photovoltaic module temperature reduction using truncated fins: Simulation study(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Elbreki, A.M.; Mohamed, F.; Almaktar, M.This paper aims to evaluate a novel passive thermal regulation technique for a PV module using an extended surface area called "truncated fins". Enhanced solar irradiance intensity on the top surface of the PV module was achieved using a planner reflector with an optimum angle of 60°. The ANSYS, FLUENT software was employed to perform the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to predict the PV module temperature. To actively cool the PV module, a parametric study in terms of number, thickness, and height of fins was investigated. The distance between the fins also taken into consideration. Engineering equation solver (EES) software was also used to calculate the temperature of the bare PV module i.e., without cooling system. Meanwhile, Response Surface Method is used to determine the optimum number, height, and thickness of fins. The novel passive cooling method showed that the PV system temperature significantly dropped from 64.3 °C without cooling to 44.14 °C with cooling using truncated fins, with a temperature difference of approximately 20.16 °C in comparison to the bare PV module. Additionally, the PV electrical efficiency with truncated fins improved by 9.2% under natural convection. © 2022 IEEE.Öğe Optimal Placement and Sizing of Static Var Compensators in Radial Distribution Networks Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Jafrouni, H.; Almaktar, M.; Mohamed, F.A.; Elbreki, A.M.; Rajab, Z.Energy conservation and efficiency are necessary actions in electrical power system. Therefore, the wasted energy that is dissipated in the transmission network needs to be minimized. The power loss can be reduced by using many techniques, including the use of reactive compensators. In this paper, intelligent algorithms are examined to find the best site and size of reactive compensators so as to improve the performance, power quality and economics of radial electrical networks. A Matlab program has been developed to find the status of a radial distribution network in terms of power flow, losses, and bus voltages. Two artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms namely genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) have been developed to cater for the optimal position and amount of reactive power compensation. The programmed approaches were tested in reference network of IEEE 15-bus system and then implemented on the Syrian network, specifically Al-Mayadeen distribution network comprising 64-bus. Transient Electrolyzer Program (ETAP) was used to simulate the different power systems. The study showed that the GA is superior and outperforms PSO in reducing total power loss hence the cost and also improving voltage profile. Overall, the two examined techniques can be used in any radial electrical network. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Performance evaluation of different solar photovoltaic technologies in Libya(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Almaktar, M.; Albreki, A.M.; Mohamed, F.A.; Yahya, K.; Hussein, T.Although Libya has a massive potential of renewable energy (RE) resources particularly solar energy, the country suffers from a shortage of electrical energy and experiences frequent blackouts. The dominant preventive action taken by the grid operator is to shed loads. The main two reasons for the limited RE projects are the highly subsidized electricity tariff and the absence of clear energy legislation. As a solution for the electrical energy deficit, this paper proposes the grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) power systems to be installed as distributed generations. The case study is based on a 1 MWp GCPV system designed for Benina International Airport (BIA) in Benghazi. Besides satisfying the electrical demand of the airport, the system can also export its energy directly to the electrical grid where the residential and commercial loads. The analysis was carried out by using PVSyst software. Four PV technologies were simulated for the installation for the sake of performance comparison under Benghazi's weather condition. It was concluded that cadmium telluride (CdTe) outperforms other technologies with 4.79 kWh/kWp/day of produced energy and a performance ratio (PR) of 78.11%. The project can be a successful showcase clean energy producer and a business model which can encourage the individuals and the governmental utilities to implement the solar PV technology for both electricity demand satisfaction as well as a profitable investment. © 2020 IEEE.Öğe Power Quality Assessment of Karabuk University'S Grid-Connected Microgrid under High Penetration of PV Generation(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Almaktar, M.; Falah, A.; Hasan, Z.; Elbreki, A.M.; Mohamed, F.A.As the cost of photovoltaic (PV) systems has sharply fallen over the recent years, they have been enormously installed, whether in open racks, rooftop or even floating on water. Today, the integration of PV systems into the power system is mostly seen on the low voltage distribution network. This adoption is envisaged to bring both technical and environmental benefits to the traditional distribution network such as reliability, minimization of line loss, line capacity improvement, and investment deferement associated with network upgrade. However, extensive integration may also bring some detrimental impacts such as voltage rise, reverse power flow, harmonics, etc. Therefore, the limit of penetration needs to be determined so as all the desired benefits are acquired. Lately, Karabuk University has begun installing PV generators on some of its buildings, aiming ultimately for autonomus supply; yet, the effect of increasing the capacity of such systems is not yet investigated. In this paper, Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software is used to simulate and analyze the low voltage distribution grid of Karabuk University under multiple PV penetration levels. It is concluded that, considering different power quality metrics, the penetration level of PV as distributed generations should not exceed 75% of the maximum demand of Karabuk University. © 2022 IEEE.
