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    Advantages of Utilizing the Solar Water Heating Technology in Reducing Total Electricity Consumption and Improving Grid Efficiency: A Case Study of Benghazi, Libya
    (Ieee, 2020) Almaktar, Mohamed; Hussein, T.; Rahman, Hasimah Abdul; Albreki, A. M.
    Fossil fuels based electricity is dominating in Libya. Nonetheless, the inefficient residential sector, particularly the electric water heating, is consuming a significant figure of the total electricity consumption, contributing to the blackouts which have been frequently hitting the country. Therefore, for a sustainable development and meeting the challenging present and future electrical energy needs, the energy efficiency (EE) and the renewable energy (RE) projects must be applied. The solar water heating (SWH) technology can play a vital role in reducing the electrical energy consumption, thus a contributing solution for the electricity shortage in Libya. More research and studies are needed to evaluate the efficiency, feasibility, and practicality of using the SWH in the residential sector. This paper investigates the electricity consumption and the performance of the national grid of Benghazi when the Electric Water Heaters (EWHs) of the end users are replaced with the SWHs. The analysis was done by using the Power System Analysis Software-NEPLAN. It was observed that a remarkable saving in electricity consumption (10-25%) and a better efficiency of the general electric transmission grid was attained in the case of utilizing the SWH technology. SWHs usually cost more to purchase and install than EWHs counterparts. However, SWHs can enhance the power system efficiency and reliability and also save money in the long run.
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    The Integration of Renewable Energy into a Fossil Fuel Power Generation System in Oil-Producing Countries: A Case Study of an Integrated Solar Combined Cycle at the Sarir Power Plant
    (Mdpi, 2024) Akroot, Abdulrazzak; Almaktar, Mohamed; Alasali, Feras
    Libya is facing a serious challenge in its sustainable development because of its complete dependence on traditional fuels in meeting its growing energy demand. On the other hand, more intensive energy utilization accommodating multiple energy resources, including renewables, has gained considerable attention. This article is motivated by the obvious need for research on this topic due to the shortage of applications concerning the prospects of the hybridization of energy systems for electric power generation in Libya. The 283 MW single-cycle gas turbine operating at the Sarir power plant located in the Libyan desert is considered a case study for a proposed Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) system. By utilizing the common infrastructure of a gas-fired power plant and concentrating solar power (CSP) technology, a triple hybrid system is modeled using the EES programming tool. The triple hybrid system consists of (i) a closed Brayton cycle (BC), (ii) a Rankine cycle (RC), which uses heat derived from a parabolic collector field in addition to the waste heat of the BC, and (iii) an organic Rankine cycle (ORC), which is involved in recovering waste heat from the RC. A thermodynamic analysis of the developed triple combined power plant shows that the global power output ranges between 416 MW (in December) and a maximum of 452.9 MW, which was obtained in July. The highest overall system efficiency of 44.3% was achieved in December at a pressure ratio of 12 and 20% of steam fraction in the RC. The monthly capital investment cost for the ISCC facility varies between 52.59 USD/MWh and 58.19 USD/MWh. From an environmental perspective, the ISCC facility can achieve a carbon footprint of up to 319 kg/MWh on a monthly basis compared to 589 kg/MWh for the base BC plant, which represents a reduction of up to 46%. This study could stimulate decision makers to adopt ISCC power plants in Libya and in other developing oil-producing countries.
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    Performance evaluation of different solar photovoltaic technologies in Libya
    (Ieee, 2020) Almaktar, Mohamed; Albreki, A. M.; Mohamed, Faisal A.; Yahya, Khalid; Hussein, T.
    Although Libya has a massive potential of renewable energy (RE) resources particularly solar energy, the country suffers from a shortage of electrical energy and experiences frequent blackouts. The dominant preventive action taken by the grid operator is to shed loads. The main two reasons for the limited RE projects are the highly subsidized electricity tariff and the absence of clear energy legislation. As a solution for the electrical energy deficit, this paper proposes the grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) power systems to be installed as distributed generations. The case study is based on a 1 MWp GCPV system designed for Benina International Airport (BIA) in Benghazi. Besides satisfying the electrical demand of the airport, the system can also export its energy directly to the electrical grid where the residential and commercial loads. The analysis was carried out by using PVSyst software. Four PV technologies were simulated for the installation for the sake of performance comparison under Benghazi's weather condition. It was concluded that cadmium telluride (CdTe) outperforms other technologies with 4.79 kWh/kWp/day of produced energy and a performance ratio (PR) of 78.11%. The project can be a successful showcase clean energy producer and a business model which can encourage the individuals and the governmental utilities to implement the solar PV technology for both electricity demand satisfaction as well as a profitable investment.
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    Prospects of renewable energy as a non-rivalry energy alternative in Libya
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Almaktar, Mohamed; Shaaban, Mohamed
    Despite the fact that Libya is a petro-state economy, yet the country faces serious challenges to supply its substantially growing demand for energy. With the high volatility in fossil fuel prices in international markets, its predictable depletion and environmental concerns, as well as the exacerbated competition among rival forces to control oil and gas resources, significant efforts are required to develop non-rivalry energy alternative (NREA) solutions to bridge the demand?supply energy gap and diversify the energy sources of Libya. The country has a significant potential of diverse renewable energy (RE) resources that can have a pivotal role in the national energy mix as a NREA. This paper does not only provide a broad review of the current status of Libya?s energy resources, but it also carries out a comprehensive resource assessment of available RE potentials. Existing utilization state and predicted development potential of various RE technologies in Libya, including solar energy, wind (onshore & offshore), biomass, wave and geothermal energy, are thoroughly investigated. Advanced technologies critically needed to enhance energy security and improve the penetration level of renewables, including hydrogen storage and energy efficiency (EE), are elaborately discussed. It is concluded that solar and onshore wind energy resources accompanied with EE measures are the major contributors, as NREA, to displace fossil fuels for energy services. The average potential of solar PV and onshore wind over the Libyan territories amounts to 1.9 MWh/kW/year and 400 W/m2, respectively. Notwithstanding, biomass and geothermal energy sources are likely to play an important complementary role in this regard.
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    Revitalizing operational reliability of the electrical energy system in Libya: Feasibility analysis of solar generation in local communities
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Almaktar, Mohamed; Elbreki, A. M.; Shaaban, Mohamed
    The political upheaval and the civil war in Libya had a painful toll on the operational reliability of the electric energy supply system. With frequent power cuts and crumbling infrastructure, mainly due to the damage inflicted upon several power plants and grid assets as well as the lack of maintenance, many Libyans are left without electricity for several hours a day. As the country has a staggeringly immense potential of solar energy, it is inevitable to exploit such potential, to avert system-wide blackouts. This paper investigates the use of small-scale PV systems in local communities as non-wires alternative (NWA), offering excess energy exchange within local/neighboring microgrids (MGs) for reliable electric power supply. Different combinations of PV/storage/diesel distributed generations (DGs), with grid-interface options, were applied on a case study of a typical dwelling in the Eastern Libyan city of Benghazi. Technical and financial feasibility assessments were carried out to contrast between various supply combinations. Sensitivity analysis of the PV-grid system was also conducted using Net Present Value (NPV) and the payback time indicators to determine the impacts of Feed-in Tariff (FiT) rates, financial incentives, electricity tariff, and inflation rate on the economic viability of the PV grid system. Results show that the PV-grid system has a promising potential under reasonable set of varying system parameters. On top of its social and environmental-friendly advantages, the PV-battery system is found to be more economical when adopted as a standalone NWA solution as compared to the diesel generator option, even at the lowest diesel price. The PV-grid system does not only provide a short-term remedy to the rolling blackouts in Libya but also enhances system operational reliability by providing a NWA to rundown or shattered grid infrastructure, thus bolstering energy provision in residential neighborhoods. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.