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Öğe Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Association Rule Mining Algorithms for Border Gateway Protocol Anomaly Detection(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Altamimi, M.; Ramaha, N.; Almohammedi, A.A.Association rule mining is a data mining technique that concentrates on uncovering noteworthy connections or associations within a vast database of items. The process entails identifying frequently occurring sets of items and deriving association rules from those sets. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) serves as the prevalent gateway protocol facilitating communication between autonomous systems, enabling the exchange of routing and reachability information. The occurrence of anomalous behavior in protocol attributes can be attributed to diverse factors such as insufficient provisioning, malicious attacks, traffic or equipment problems, and errors made by network operators. Based on the association rule, the dataset is examined and partitioned into sub-frequent pattern datasets. Each pattern dataset selects a single anomalous frequent itemset for comparison to determine the itemset with the highest anomaly value. The commonly used rule-based machine learning algorithms for anomaly detection include Frequent Pattern (FP) growth and Apriori algorithms. This study aims to use unsupervised algorithms based on association rules in select features to detect BGP anomalies. Additionally, the performance of these algorithms will be evaluated in terms of support, confidence, and accuracy values. Furthermore, the anomaly detection results were presented using a tailored and efficient tool and framework, enhancing the clarity and providing a more precise and detailed understanding of the performance. © 2024 IEEE.Öğe Conceptual Design of Wireless Smart Grid for the Optimization of Electric Transmission in Iraq(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Abbas, A.B.; Almohammedi, A.A.; Balfaqih, M.; Darshi, S.Rapid development of technology has resulted in a considerable increase in electricity consumption, which has created a barrier not only because of the generation but also in delivery. Thus, when demand increases, the complexity of the electrical network increases as a result of the increased need for improved dependability, efficiency, protection, energy, and environmental sustainability. According to the world bank statistics, Iraq's loss was 51% during distribution, and it is considered significantly high. This study proposes a wireless network-based design for detecting and optimizing Iraq's electricity distribution infrastructure. Moreover, the suggested module is composed of several data gathering methods that are required for the various paths of the power distribution systems. This design offers viable support for a variety of issues confronting Iraq's power distribution systems, including variable voltage levels caused by fluctuating electrical usage, power burglary, manual invoicing, and transmission line breakdowns. The suggested design is intended for use with single-phase power transmission systems; however, it may be adapted for use with three-phase power distribution systems with slight improvements. The introduction of this method will result in significant energy savings, allowing for the availability of electricity to a greater number of users than previously possible in a crowded place. The suggested smart grid design, which was created for the Iraq context, permits real-time control of energy consumption, optimal electricity consumption, minimal loss, diagnosis of power failures, breakdowns, and automatic invoicing. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Design and Implementation of IoT-Enabled Intelligent Fire Detection System Using Neural Networks(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Almohammedi, A.A.; Balfaqih, M.; Nahas, S.; Bokhari, A.; Alqudsi, A.Fire detection systems are considered an integral part of any building. However, most fire detection systems use a single passive sensor that usually faces some unavoidable problems, especially with the use of simple processing systems using threshold and trend algorithms. Although more than a single sensor and fire information are used in some existing systems, the real-time fire information and firefighting forecasting are not monitored. Such information facilitates good decision making in firefighting and rescue operations. This paper develops a fast and smart fire detection and monitoring system that can detect and monitor fire incidents with low probability of detection error. The system involves IoT sensors that detect all necessary fire information including heating release rate smoke level, and CO2 level. Moreover, a fire detection and monitoring model based on artificial neural networks is developed to identify fire information in real-time. The proposed system was tested in a chamber box with around 20 experiments. The positive fire detection rate was high with fast fire detection rate. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Generating Network Intrusion Image through IGTD Algorithm for CNN Classification(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Nazarri, M.N.A.A.; Yusof, M.H.M.; Almohammedi, A.A.Stealthy attacks make Intrusion Detection System (IDS) research perennial and notably important. From the literature, a few problems were identified in IDS studies particularly with regards to image generation. Image generation is the preprocessing phase during the development of CNN classifier. Simple feature extraction process that are applied in a few studies may lose features' details. They disregard spatial information such as pair pixels information. Secondly several public datasets suffer from realistic network traits. This study will apply the improvised version of IGTD algorithm to resolve image generation process. IGTD algorithm has been adopted in Cancer Cell Lines (CCLs) study. Realistic dataset of CIRA-CIC-DoHBrw-2020 and CICIDS2017 will be run over the algorithm. These dataset have been reviewed to be the closest realistic production network dataset. Result shows the generated image has notable difference between attack and benign traffic. The highest trained classification model has achieved almost 80% of accuracy rate. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe High Gain and Efficiency Triple U-shaped Slots Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Applications(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Almohammedi, A.A.; Raad, A.; Darshi, S.; Shepelev, V.; Mohd, Yusof, M.H.; Balfaqih, M.The 28 GHz band is a frequency band that has been allocated for use in 5G mobile communication networks. It is part of the millimeter wave spectrum, which is a range of frequencies between 30 GHz and 300 GHz. This study proposes and investigates the 28 GHz 5G networks. A modified single element patch antenna with three grooved U-shaped holes is shown and is used to indicate a high gain and Efficiency for 28 GHz 5G antenna. The proposed antenna consists of the radiation element on a RTRogers 5880 laminate and is actuated by a microstrip feedline. The proposed work includes the most desirable characteristics, such as small size, light weight, low-cost fabrication and wide operation up to 1.4 GHz (27.1 - 28.5 GHz). The proposed antenna design also offers a high efficiency up to 89.73 %, high gain up to 8.14 dBi, and return loss up to -30 dB, resulting in attractive performance. The results obtained show that the antenna is a viable candidate for 5G applications at 28 GHz. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe An Intelligent Movies Recommendation System Based Facial Attributes Using Machine Learning(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Balfaqih, M.; Altwaim, A.; Almohammedi, A.A.; Yusof, M.H.M.Movie theaters and platforms offer a wide selection of movies that require filtering to match the preferences of individual users. Recommender systems are an effective tool for this task. This study introduces a hybrid recommender system that combines collaborative filtering and content-based approaches to provide personalized movie recommendations. The proposed system considers age, gender, emotion, and genre attributes to ensure the suitability of the recommended movies. The proposed system targets the visitors of cinema theaters to try a new experience of choosing the next movie to watch by recognizing the visitor's face to determine his/her age, gender and emotion using camera. Therefore, our system is expected to achieve better results than traditional approaches. The system's performance is evaluated using standard metrics such as precision, recall, and F1-measure. The findings indicated that the proposed system outperforms the benchmark system in the most tested scenarios. However, the precision of the benchmark work is slightly higher in (8-14 and 15-24) age groups. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Medi-Block Record Secure Data Sharing in Healthcare System: Issues, Solutions and Challenges(Tech Science Press, 2023) Zukarnain, Z.A.; Muneer, A.; Nassir, N.A.M.; Almohammedi, A.A.With the advancements in the era of artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, and big data, there is a need for secure, decentralized medical record storage and retrieval systems. While cloud storage solves storage issues, it is challenging to realize secure sharing of records over the network. Medi-block record in the healthcare system has brought a new digitalization method for patients’ medical records. This centralized technology provides a symmetrical process between the hospital and doctors when patients urgently need to go to a different or nearby hospital. It enables electronic medical records to be available with the correct authentication and restricts access to medical data retrieval. Medi-block record is the consumer-centered healthcare data system that brings reliable and transparent datasets for the medical record. This study presents an extensive review of proposed solutions aiming to protect the privacy and integrity of medical data by securing data sharing for Medi-block records. It also aims to propose a comprehensive investigation of the recent advances in different methods of securing data sharing, such as using Blockchain technology, Access Control, Privacy-Preserving, Proxy Re-Encryption, and Service-On-Chain approach. Finally, we highlight the open issues and identify the challenges regarding secure data sharing for Medi-block records in the healthcare systems. © 2023 CRL Publishing. All rights reserved.Öğe Mobility-based Enhancement for Channel Coordination of IEEE 802.11p on Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks Over V2I(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Al-Shaibany, S.; Almohammedi, A.A.; Shepelev, V.; Darshi, S.; Al-Hemyari, A.; Alsharaby, A.A.A.; Abdullah, A.M.M.Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a sub form of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network that provide communication among vehicles (V2V) and vehicles to infrastructure (V2I). VANETs have been developed to offer reliable and efficient services on the roads. These services include safety applications (collision warning), and non-safety applications (video and voice). The IEEE 802.11p is an extension of the IEEE 802.11 standard to support wireless access into vehicular environments. However, the IEEE 802.11p standard does not perform well for VANETs under high traffic load and mobility. The is owing to the nature of contention-based channel access mechanism in IEEE 802.11p sharing a common radio frequency. The work in this paper presents a new scheme to improve the channel access coordination of 802.11p for V2I communication under high traffic and mobility. This scheme adaptively adjusts the contention window (CW) based on the times (deadlines) that the vehicles are about to exit the RoadSide Unit (RSU) coverage area. Priority service is given to vehicles with shorter deadlines and vice versa. The Network Simulator (NS-2) v.2.35 is used for simulation. According to simulation results, our proposed scheme outperforms the existing scheme in terms of throughput, packet loss ratio and packet delivery. © 2021 IEEE.Öğe Power Management in Solar PV System with Battery Protection by using MATLAB Simulink(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Mohamed, F.A.; Almohammedi, A.A.; Shepelev, V.It is a clearly known fact that solar energy as a renewable form of energy is the cleanest energy in the world and its utilization has a widespread applications and various industries as well as residential in many places. A major challenge to the usage of solar energy is the unavailability of sunlight in the night and/low irradiation during some hours of the day or during some season such as in the winter. In order to overcome this challenge, there is the need to store excess solar energy generated during the day and make use of it when needed. This solar energy can thus be stored in a storage unit called battery. There is need for battery protection and control or to protect the battery from harm, effective protection scheme is required for the PV-battery-load system. This work presents a PV-Battery Storage-Load system design with control system for protection of the system and also discuss the model and determines the PV system rated power through simulation using MATLAB software. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Real Life Monitoring of Conveyor Line Speed Using IoT and Raspberry Pi(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Al-Shahethi, M.G.; Muneer, A.; Ghaleb, E.A.A.; Darshi, S.; Almohammedi, A.A.Manual monitoring is time-consuming and frustrates the industry with high costs and delays in the process. This study presented a remote monitoring system for a direct current (DC) motor based on Internet of Things (IoT) for safe and economic data communication in industrial fields. A single sensor monitors the DC motor speed and sends it to the Raspberry Pi microcontroller, which sends it to the cloud database for remote monitoring. The system also presents the manual control methods to adjust the motor speed using a simple potentiometer. Therefore, the proposed system has three functions: measuring, monitoring, and controlling. Measuring is based on an optoisolator sensor and an Arduino Mega microcontroller. Controlling is based on the Potentiometer, Arduino Uno, and a motor drive circuit. Monitoring is based on Raspberry Pi and ThingSpeak platform. Firstly, the speed sensor HC-020K senses the speed Data. Secondly, Arduino Mega extracts the HC-020K sensor's data as a suitable revolution per minute and sends it to Raspberry Pi. Thirdly, Raspberry Pi sends the data to ThingSpeak's Server. Lastly, based on the experiments performed, the system has proved to be very useful and reliable. © 2021 IEEE.Öğe Resistors Over Digital Analog Converter on PRBS Threat Generator with PLL Synchronizer: Comparison Between R2R & Weighted(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Almohammedi, A.A.; Yusof, M.H.M.; Bin, Tuan, Muda, S.R.; Shepelev, V.; Balfaqih, M.; Shamsuddin, S.Intrusion Detection System (IDS) must be developed based on latest live traffic dataset. This will facilitate the study on new attributes of current threat. Once again, researchers are locked on the same vicious circle of inability to access live traffic dataset. This is coupled with public domain logged dataset may not be useful for a new threat research. Due to these standing hurdles, Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) is used to generate synthetic dataset in IDS studies. One of its components is the Digital to Analog (D/A) converter. There are two types of D/A implementations; 1) through Weighted and 2) R2R resistors. This paper compares the advantages and the disadvantages of designing D/A converter by using the abovementioned resistors. It is advisable to opt for R2R version over Weighted Resistor since it is easier and practical to choose the multiple types of resistors during circuit design process. Furthermore, the shifted parallel output from the circuit can be synchronized by the proposed PLL circuit. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe A Smart and Privacy-Preserving Logistics System Based on IoT and Blockchain Technologies(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Balfaqih, M.; Balfagih, Z.; Almohammedi, A.A.; Alfawaz, K.M.The smart city concept serves the well-being of the urban population in order to improve quality of life in different life aspects including logistic services. However, the continuous growth of logistics volume combined with information opaqueness and process complexity led to challenging issues related to managing the services and information of logistics. Hence, efficient management of logistics activities with traceability and condition monitoring capabilities is required to ensure quality and safe delivery. It is necessary also to ensure the accuracy and dependability of distribution data. In this context, this paper proposes a smart and privacy-preserving logistics system for high-price goods distribution. An intelligent parcel (iParcel) containing piezoresistive sensors is developed to pack delivered goods during shipping process for violation detection such as severe fall or theft. Moreover, smart contracts based on blockchain is also developed for automatic approval and payment with the consideration of distributing the shipping information between legitimate logistics parties only. A zero-knowledge proof is used to conceal blockchain address and prove the authentication. iParcels are automatically tracked and traced in which upon violation occurrence, the contract is cancelled, and the payment is refunded. The transaction fee per party is reasonable for high-price products in the pay of guarantee successful shipment. © 2023 IEEE.
