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    Exergy, exergoeconomic, life cycle, and exergoenvironmental assessments for an engine fueled by diesel-ethanol blends with aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide additive nanoparticles
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Agbulut, Umit; Uysal, Cuneyt; Cavalcanti, Eduardo J. C.; Carvalho, Monica; Karagoz, Mustafa; Saridemir, Suat
    This study develops energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, exergoenvironmental, and sustainability analyses for a compression ignition (CI) engine fueled with neat diesel (D100), 90 vol% neat diesel + 10 vol% ethanol (D90E10), D90E10 + 100 ppm Al(2)O(3 )nanoparticle (D90E10Al(2)O(3)), and D90E10 + 100 ppm TiO2 nanoparticle (D90E10TiO(2)). The experiments were performed on various engine loads (from 3 Nm to 12 Nm with 3 Nm increments) at a fixed crankshaft speed of 2400 rpm. D90E10Al(2)O(3) showed the best energy, exergy, exergoenvironmental, and sustainability results among all fuels. However, according to exergoeconomic analysis, the lowest cost of crankshaft work was obtained with D100, followed by D90E10Al(2)O(3). This means that D90E10Al(2)O(3) presented better exergoeconomic results than its base fuel D90E10 and D90E10TiO(2) but worse exergoeconomic results than D100. The addition of ethanol to D100 excessively increased the fuel cost. As a result, the crankshaft work cost flow rate is 0.7645 $/h for D100, 1.1123 $/h for D90E10, 1.1069 $/h for D90E10Al(2)O(3) and 1.1338 $/h for D90E10TiO(2). Similarly, the environmental impact rate of work is 250.8 mPt/h for D100, 264.2 mPt/h for D90E10, 245.6 mPt/h for D90E10Al(2)O(3 )and 248.7 mPt/h for D90E10TiO2. Increments in the engine load have led to increases in all environmental impact rates due to higher fuel consumption but caused a decrease in the environmental impact rate per exergy unit. In conclusion, it is well noticed that fuel blends with nanoparticles can be used as alternative fuels to their base fuels, but D100 (or an equivalent lower-cost fuel than D100) should be selected for cost-effectiveness purposes.