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    Evaluate synergistic effect of some commercial medical oils and extracts with some toothpastes and antibiotics on mouth pathogenic bacteria
    (Karabük Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2025) Elrotob, Abubaker Mohamed Salem; Kabalci, İdris
    Oral and dental problems have been increasing, mainly due to the presence of bacterial plaque and the increasing resistance of bacteria to commonly used antimicrobial products. Biological chemicals and natural materials enhance antibacterial properties and mitigate these issues and related diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) of commercial plant oils (clove oil and tea tree oil) and mushroom extracts (reishi and turkey tail) on two oral pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus mutans. The disk diffusion method was used to test antibacterial activity. The antibiotic disks were placed on the bacterial cultures, and 6-mm filter paper disks were used to test the kinds of toothpaste and different concentrations of oils and extracts. In contrast, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified the compounds in the oils and extracts. In addition, the study determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of antibiotics, toothpastes, oils, and extracts using the test-tube dilution method with nutrient broth, also assessing the oils and extracts individual and synergistic effects when combined with antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Azithromycin, and Metronidazole) and kinds of toothpaste (Sensodyne, Ipana, Denta, and Cariax gingival kin). The results confirmed microbial contamination in the mouth and teeth through bacterial colony growth. On the other hand, GC-MS analysis identified various compounds in the oils and extracts. Among the tested concentrations, 0.2 (200 μl/ml) was the most effective against the bacteria and was chosen for synergistic testing. Augmentin, amoxicillin, and azithromycin also showed notable effects, with inhibition zones ranging from 19.67 to 32.33 mm, while metronidazole was ineffective. Similarly, ipana, denta, and cariax gingival kin toothpastes were effective, with 9 to 20.33 mm inhibition zones, but sensodyne showed no activity. MIC and MBC tests confirmed that small doses of these products could inhibit and eliminate bacterial growth, except for metronidazole and sensodyne, which remained ineffective. Synergistic effects were noted among the oils, extracts, certain antibiotics, and toothpastes, except metronidazole, where no synergy was observed. In addition, when combined with Sensodyne, the oils and extracts acted as additives rather than synergistic agents, slightly enhancing the toothpaste's effectiveness. The findings conclude that clove oil, tea tree oil, reishi, and turkey tail extracts exhibited strong antibacterial properties and enhanced the efficacy of other antimicrobial agents, emphasizing their potential in combating bacterial oral infections.