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Öğe Introduction to solar panels(Elsevier, 2023) Karaagaç, M.O.; Ergün, A.; Arslan, O.; Kayfeci, M.Decarbonization has gained global importance in order to reduce climate change that is mainly caused by the usage of fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources have the potential to reduce carbon emissions. For this purpose, the energy sector has focused on cost-competitive solar panel technologies in recent years. Solar panels are systems made of semiconductor materials that convert the solar radiation coming to their surfaces into electrical energy. The fact that solar energy is an inexhaustible resource and is free in abundance is shown as the most economical system compared to traditional energy sources. Solar energy has an important share when considering the electricity obtained from renewable energy sources in the last decade. In addition, when the efficiency of PV technologies increases and their costs decrease, the use of these systems will become more widespread. Since it provides sustainable production and reduces CO2 emissions, solar panels can play an important role in meeting the national energy need. In this chapter, the history of solar panels, semiconductor materials, solar cells, PV technologies, the global energy situation, and their place in renewable energy sources are shown in the overview. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Liquid-based solar panel cooling and PV/T systems(Elsevier, 2023) Ergün, A.; Kayfeci, M.; Karaagaç, M.O.Solar panels (also called PV panels) have been widely used in recent years to generate electricity from solar energy. One of the biggest disadvantages of PV panels is their low efficiency. In general, the efficiency of a PV panel varies between 15% and 20%. The temperature increase in PV panels is the most important parameter that causes their efficiency to decrease. Each 1°C increase in temperature causes approximately 0.45%–0.6% efficiency decrease. For this reason, cooling of PV panels increases their efficiency. Liquid-based cooling processes are frequently used for the water cooling process. But recent years researchers are examining air, oils, water, and water/nanofluids dispersions. In this chapter, liquid-based cooling of PV panels will be examined in detail. New studies in this field will be given with examples and developments in photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) applications will be mentioned. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Performance, exergy, and environmental analysis of blast furnace top pressure turbine in an iron-steel factory(International University of Sarajevo, 2023) Albayrak, F.I.; Ergün, A.; Yildiz, G.The iron-steel industry, which has a large part of its energy consumption, strives to stay at the targeted level in the competition race and to hold on in the field in which it operates. For this purpose, production capacity turned to different energy saving methods due to the effort to reach the relevant standards and high quality low cost strategies. But, energy prices are constantly variable and energy costs are high. In this study, the Blast Furnace Top Pressure Turbine system (TRT), which is one of the important energy saving methods of the iron and steel industry, was examined. Considering the importance of the TRT system, operating conditions, operating parameters, and factors affecting energy recovery, the effect of various operating parameters on the operation of the TRT system was evaluated. Considering the annual operating time of 8000 hours, the annual production amount is 42400000 kWh, the value in terms of tons of oil equivalent is 3640 toe, the investment cost of the plant in 2018 is $400000 and the annual savings amount is $2755900. The amount of carbon emission reduction due to this production amount was calculated as 10888 kgCO2/h on average, and this amount of carbon emission was prevented every year with the commissioning of the facility. When the cost and energy calculations related to the system are examined, the payback period of the project is calculated as approximately 0.15 years. The obtained data showed that the TRT system is a suitable method for energy saving in the iron and steel industry. © The Author 2023. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) that allows others to share and adapt the material for any purpose (even commercially), in any medium with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.Öğe Solar panel cooling using hybrid cooling systems(Elsevier, 2023) Yildiz, G.; Karaagaç, M.O.; Ergün, A.; Kayfeci, M.Photovoltaic (PV) panels are systems that convert the energy from the sun into electrical energy. A large part of the energy coming to the PV panel is converted into heat, causing the panel temperature to increase and the electrical efficiency to decrease. There are many benefits of cooling the panel to increase the performance and PV panel’s controllability. By removing the heat from the panel, the efficiency of the panel rises and the heat received is used as useful heat. In addition, the cooling of the panels also extends the panel life. The heat produced by the PV panels can cause an increase in the cell temperature above 50°C, and this situation causes a decrease in electrical efficiency (0.4% per 1°C for monocrystalline). Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) panels have been developed to cool the PV panels, and cooling process is carried out by passing water or air behind the panel. This section focuses on the different hybrid cooling techniques used in PVT panels and the effects of these techniques on performance. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Solarmeter Design for High Solar Radiation Measurement and Experimental Validation(TUBITAK, 2019) Ergün, A.; Ceylan, I.; Aydin, M.; Gürel, A.E.; Koçbulut, G.In this study, a solar meter was designed to measure high solar radiation. The solar meter uses the characteristic properties of a solar cell in order to measure solar radiation. In this way, measurements can be carried out without any limitations. The solar radiation equation was entered into the ARDUINO microcontroller in the solar meter, and the results were compared through another commercial solar meter. These results were entered into STATGRAPHIC software and three different functions with high regression values were obtained. These three functions were entered into the Arduino microcontroller and the experiments were repeated. According to the comparisons made using commercial device, R2 values were determined as 0.944, 0.936, 0.938, and 0.986 for the first equation and for three different functions, respectively. Based on the values obtained, it has been determined that the solar meter can make highly accurate measurements and after the development of appropriate functions, it can be employed especially in high solar radiation concentrated systems. © 2019, TUBITAK. All rights reserved.
