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    IRMAK - ZONGULDAK RAILWAY LINE: ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURING BETWEEN KARABUK (ISMETPASA) AND ZONGULDAK
    (E.U. Printing And Publishing House, 2023) Kalay, Gizem; Erturk, Aysen Esra Bolukbasi
    In the Early Republican Period, building a railway line is more than just an investment in transportation. One of the most important reasons supporting the ideological foundations of the newly established independent Republic of Turkey, such as not being dependent on the West, and being independent and national, has been the railways. For this reason, the railways remaining from the Ottoman Empire were purchased from foreigners in order to nationalize them, and in addition to these, new railways were built to meet the needs of the young republic. Before the Republic, 70% of the railways were in the east of Ankara - Konya direction; but with the newly built railways, the proportional distribution, 46% is in the west and 54% is in the east, which can be considered almost equal today, was obtained. The railway lines built in this period are also architecturally important because they contain railway structures, which are important examples of Early Republican Period architecture. Additionally, in this period, many different projects were designed by different foreign countries. Those projects were mainly classified as Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class IV. Those projects were used repeatedly all over the country. One of the railway lines built in the Early Republican Period and built with those classified projects is the Irmak - Filyos railway line, which is known as the Railway to Coal. The construction of the line started from Filyos in May 1927 and the 391-kilometer-long line began to be used in 1935. This railway line is important because it connects the hard coal in Zonguldak, transported only by sea before the railway, to Central Anatolia. Kardemir, Filyos Brick Factory, and cATES, which are coal-dependent industrial facilities, are also located on this railway line. Also Zonguldak Karabuk part of the railway is highly important for the city of Karabuk. The railway station in Karabuk enabled the establishment of the Kardemir Iron and Steel Factory, and the factory enabled Karabuk to become a city by immigration.Within the scope of the study, the importance of the line for Karabuk and Zonguldak provinces was discussed, 34 stop points within the borders of Karabuk - Zonguldak province were examined and the existing station structures at these stops were determined. Among these structures, the station buildings of Ismetpasa, Karabuk, and catalagzi stations were built by the Swedish company Nydqvist - Holm, which got the contract for the construction of the Irmak Filyos railway line. In addition to that, Filyos, caycuma, Gokcebey, Kayadibi, Balikisik, and Eskipazar stations were built with Class IV. Also, it has been determined that Cildikisik, Yesilyenice, Saltukova, and Isikveren stations on the line were not built with those classified projects, they are unique. Reflecting the architectural approach of the Early Republican Period, these structures, which are parts of a whole, should be documented and added to the literature, and prevented from falling into an idle state due to the decrease in the frequency of the use of railway transportation.
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    Urban Furniture in Historical Process
    (Karabuk Univ, 2019) Uslu, Esra; Erturk, Aysen Esra Bolukbasi
    The city is an artificial environment that forms the settlements of societies formed by different social classes in which people live their lives in accordance with certain rules. These areas have different socio-economic structures that are socially different from each other and therefore have different urban fictions that have been followed throughout the ages. The city is in constant renewal and change. In time, human beings turned to instinct to regulate the physical environment in which they live. The changing environmental forms such as the development of transportation networks and the spread of communication systems have created a more concrete architectural understanding and related environmental regulation. Urban equipment elements have continued to develop as the main elements of these regulations. Urban furniture has contributed to the formation of elements such as communication, aesthetics and functionality in the city, in addition to being the elements that facilitate the personal and social urban life of the individuals forming the society. In a more specific definition, urban furniture are all elements used in landscaping arrangements that respond to basic functions such as sitting, sheltering, transportation, lighting, consultation, communication, games and sports in areas such as streets, roads and squares. The most important features of these elements, which are the building blocks of multi-purpose planning, are the management and direction of pedestrians. Urban furniture emphasizes the rules of living together in order to sustain collective life. Within the scope of this study, historical developments of urban furniture such as sheltered waiting area (stop), lighting element, kiosk, signboard, seating element and garbage can which are the building blocks of cities and contributing to the society to live together in a regular and regulated way are examined.