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Öğe Biodegradable Biconstituent Melt-Blown Nonwovens for Air Filtration: Fabrication and Characterization(Korean Fiber Soc, 2024) Eticha, Andinet Kumella; Akgul, Yasin; Pakolpakcil, Ayben; Unlu, Oguz Kagan; Ahmed, Salih Birhanu; Cug, Harun; Kilic, AliMelt-blown polypropylene (PP) is extensively used in air filtration due to its low cost, low weight, and easy processing, but there are increasing environmental concerns due to its non-degradability. On the other side biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) present insufficient strength and limited toughness. Polymer blending is a well-known approach to reach optimum properties from at least two polymers. This study aims to produce biodegradable PP-PLA-based filter materials that possess enhanced elasticity and superior filtration performance. The addition of PLA raises the average fiber diameter (AFD), causing the PP-PLA filters to have AFD ranging from 0.73 to 0.91 mu m. However, the incorporation of zinc stearate (ZnSt) decreased the melt viscosity, resulting in thinner fiber formations with AFD ranging from 0.6 to 0.75 mu m for PP-PLA-ZnSt. The efficiency of the corona-charged optimized sample (double-layer 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt) showed 97.42% particle capture efficiency and filtration performance of 0.12 mmH(2)O(-1). Despite the presence of hydrophobic surfaces in all filter materials, the addition of ZnSt further improves the resistance to surface wettability. 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt filter material exhibits high stretchability, with a maximum tensile strength of 380 +/- 70 kPa. The proposed tricomponent (PP-PLA-ZnSt) approach would be used to reduce the environmental impact of non-degrading polymers.Öğe Centrifugally spun micro-nanofibers based on lemon peel oil/gelatin as novel edible active food packaging: Fabrication, characterization, and application to prevent foodborne pathogens E. coli and S. aureus in cheese(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Dogan, Nurcan; Dogan, Cemhan; Eticha, Andinet Kumella; Gungor, Melike; Akgul, YasinThis study aimed to develop innovative micro-nano fibers loaded with lemon peel essential oil for food packaging via centrifugal spinning. Lemon peel essential oil (LPO) was extracted from dried lemon peel by hydrodistillation. The major one of the 16 components of the extract detected by GS-MS was limonene (60.4%). Gelatin fibrous mats loaded with three different concentrations of LPO were fabricated with centrifugal spinning and then crosslinked. Micro-nanofibers were characterized in encapsulation efficiency, morphological, chemical, thermal, hydrophobicity and microbiological aspects. The in-vitro evaluation showed that the effect of fibers on grampositive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 29213, especially due to the antimicrobial activity of limonene, was greater than that of gram-negative Escherichia coli (E.coli) ATCC 35218. This effect was also consistent with the in-situ evaluation in which micro-nano fibers were applied to contaminated cheeses. Moreover, LPOloaded gelatin centrifugal spun positively affected the shelf life by suppressing the growth of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and yeast molds that cause spoilage in cheese.Öğe Electrically assisted solution blow spinning of PVDF/TPU nanofibrous mats for air filtration applications(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2023) Eticha, Andinet Kumella; Toptas, Ali; Akgul, Yasin; Kilic, AliIn this study, pure polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), pure thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and PVDF/TPU blend nanofibers (1:3, 2:2, 3:1 ratios) were produced via electrically assisted solution blow spinning for air filtration applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was conducted to investigate the diameters and morphology of nanofibers. The filtration performance of nanofibrous mats was examined by air filtration test with challenging with 0.26 +/- 0.07 mu m salt particles. Moreover, the flexibility and strength of the samples were determined via tensile tests. Results showed that pure TPU nanofibers had better mechanical properties, while pure PVDF nanofibers showed better filtration performance. However, 3PVDF/1TPU nanofibrous sample had high filtration efficiency (98.86%) close to pure PVDF (99.85%) and better flexibility (32.80% elongation) compared to pure PVDF (11.64% elongation).Öğe Electro-blown micro-nanofibrous mats with Origanum elongatum essential oil for enhancing the shelf life of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)(John Wiley & Sons, 2024-10-04) Akgül, Yasin; Akhouy, Ghizlane; Eticha, Andinet Kumella; Doğan, Cemhan; Doğan, Nurcan; Çalışır, Mehmet D.; Toptaş, Ali; Aziz, FaissalThis study aims to develop a novel active food packaging material from hybrid micro-nanofibrous mats fabricated from gelatin (G)–chitosan (Ch)–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–Origanum elongatum essential oil (EO), (G-Ch-PVA-EO) through electro-blowing. The fibrous mats were characterised to assess their morphologies, shelf life efficiency, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, surface-wetting, and thermal, chemical, and physical interactions, among other factors. Results showed that the antioxidant activity was improved with the addition of EO, this enhancement is potentially linked to its rich content of phenolic components; carvacrol and P-cymene. In addition, G-Ch-PVA-EO showed higher firmness measurements compared to the control samples. Herein, low microbial counts were noted for both mesophilic aerobic bacteria (3.76 log CFU g−1) and yeast/mould (3.91 log CFU g−1) even at day 20. To conclude, the G-Ch-PVA-EO microfibrous mat exhibits great promise in preserving the freshness of tomatoes.Öğe Fabrication of stretchable and high-filtration performance melt-blown nonwoven webs for PM0.3 aerosol filtration(Wiley, 2024) Eticha, Andinet Kumella; Akgul, Yasin; Pakolpakcil, Ayben; Unlu, Oguz Kagan; Cug, Harun; Kilic, AliPolypropylene (PP) is a semi-crystalline polymer that displays simple manufacturing, high stiffness, lightweight, chemical resistance, and inexpensive. However, PP has significant drawbacks, such as poor brittleness at low temperatures, high shrinkage ratio, and low impact resistance, which limit its development. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) possesses recyclable and eco-friendly characteristics, along with the elasticity of rubber and exceptional mechanical properties. In this study, a flexible and high-filtration performance PP-TPU textile material was developed by melt-blowing for filtering PM0.3 aerosols. For the first time, a melt-blown PP-TPU nonwoven was used as an air filter. The fiber morphological studies exhibited that addition of 10 and 20 wt.% TPU into PP resulted in a fiber diameter increment from 0.94 to 1.24 mu m. Also, melt-blown PP-TPU forms helical fibers, which are different from fibers noticed in melt-blown PP. Corona-charged double-layer 80PP-20TPU nonwovens have a filtration efficiency of 99.25% and quality factor (QF) of 0.13 mm H2O-1 at an air flow rate of 95 L/min. Moreover, PP's tensile strength was increased by 72.22%, and elongation was raised by 38.1% with the addition of 20 wt.% TPU. Thus, PP-TPU melt-blown composites may bring novel perspectives into the design and development of high-performance filtering materials for a variety of applications.Öğe Novel active food packaging based on centrifugally spun nanofibers containing lavender essential oil: Rapid fabrication, characterization, and application to preserve of minced lamb meat(Elsevier, 2022) Dogan, Cemhan; Dogan, Nurcan; Gungor, Melike; Eticha, Andinet Kumella; Akgul, YasinThis study aimed to develop novel nano fibers loaded with lavender essential oil (LEO) for food packaging via centrifugal spinning technique. LEO was extracted from dried lavender flowers by hydrodistillation. The dominant two of the 16 components of the extract identified by GS-MS were linalool (34.37 %) and linalyl acetate (28.82 %). PVP nanofiber mats loaded with three different concentrations of LEO were fabricated with centrifugal spinning and subsequently crosslinked. Nanofibers were characterized in encapsulation efficiency, morphological, mechanical, chemical, thermal, hydrophobicity and bioactivity aspects. The in-vitro antioxidant effect of nanofiber mats, which increased with the loaded LEO concentration, were determined by DPPH and ABTS methods. This effect was also consistent with the in-situ assessment where nanofibers were applied to minced lamb meat. Moreover, LEO-loaded PVP centrifugal spun positively affected the shelf life by suppressing the growth of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, psychotropic bacteria and, yeast molds that cause spoilage in meat.Öğe Producing biodegradable micro-nanofibrous webs via solution blowing and melt blowing methods and their air filtration applications(Karabük Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024) Eticha, Andinet Kumella; Akgül, Yasin; Çuğ,HarunIn this study, a novel multi-layer composite filter membrane made from biodegradable biomaterial and synthetic degradable materials would be used for air filtration applications. Nowadays, there is an increasing need for nonwoven filter materials to filter contaminated air, driven by the surge in air pollution levels and global outbreaks such as COVID-19. However, the vast majority of filters are synthetic polymer-based filters that contribute to secondary pollution upon disposal to the environment after usage. To address this issue, it is crucial to replace synthetic filters with biodegradable alternatives made from organic waste gelatin biopolymer and biodegradable synthetic-based polymers. This is essential for maintaining a clean environment and ensuring fresh air. This study aims to produce a biodegradable composite fibrous media by utilizing optimized gelatin nanofibrous webs through electrically assisted solution blow spinning (ESBS) sometimes also called as electro-blowing (EB) and melt-blowing (MB) technology. In addition, submicron nonwoven webs made of either polypropylene (PP)-thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)–zinc stearate (ZnSt) or PP-polylactic acid (PLA)-ZnSt were produced through melt blowing. The effect of corona charging to create electret fibers was also employed and characterized on the melt-blown filter materials. Based on the characterization test results, which included filtration performance, mechanical properties, and environmental friendliness through biodegradation rate, either PP-TPU or PP-PLA-ZnSt melt-blown webs were chosen to be combined with the nanofiber gelatin material to form composite nonwoven webs. The selected melt-blown material served as a substrate for collecting gelatin nanofibers. The resulting composite filter material was examined for its potential use as an air filter to remove particulate matter aerosol size of 0.3 µm (PM0.3) from polluted air. The production of gelatin nanofiber networks was achieved through the use of ESBS technology. The impact of gelatin concentration, air pressure, and electric voltage on the average fiber diameter (AFD) and average droplet area (ADA) of the nanofiber networks was examined using the Taguchi design of experiment. The Taguchi optimization considered gelatin concentrations of 9, 12, and 15 wt.%, air pressures of 1, 2, and 3 bar, and an electric voltage of 0, 15, and 20 kV. The objective was to optimize the gelatin nanofiber filter material for improved filtration performance. The results showed that the optimized nanofibrous web, labeled as G-12120, had been fabricated at a gelatin concentration of 12 wt.%, air pressure of 1 bar, and electric voltage of 20 kV. Herein, gelatin concentration was found to have a significant influence on varying fiber diameter and droplet area. The G-12120 filter had a filtration efficiency of 90.5% for 0.3 μm particles but had a pressure drop of 225 Pa. The optimized nanofibrous web had a quality factor (QF) of 0.0105 Pa−1. In the PP-TPU melt-blown study, a stretchable and high-filtration performance PP-TPU textile material was produced for the first time by melt-blowing. Corona-charged double-layer 80PP-20TPU nonwovens have a filtration efficiency of 99.25% and a QF of 0.13 mm H2O-1 at an air flow rate of 95 L/min. The addition of 20 wt.% TPU increased the tensile strength of PP by 72.22% and elongation by 38.1%. PLA, a prominent biodegradable synthetic polymer, recently started to be used in the melt-blown process for air filtration. However, its brittleness properties make the melt-blown processing challenging. Hence, adding a ZnSt plasticizer improves flexibility, making melt-blowing easier. In addition, blending it with other easily melt-blown processable polymers like PP could smoothen the melt-blowing process of PLA. A melt-blowing technique was employed to produce a biodegradable filter material using polymers such as PP, PLA, and ZnSt. This part aimed to explore the exceptional filtration performance and elasticity of the PP-PLA-ZnSt filter materials. The corona-charged double-layer 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt achieved an impressive 97.42% efficiency at a flow rate of 95 l/min, with a filtration performance of 0.12 mmH2O-1. The filter material 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt also has exceptional stretchability, with a maximum tensile strength of 380 ± 70 kPa. Therefore, based on the melt-blowing studies both 80PP-20TPU and 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt show similar filtration performance. However, 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt has better degradability and stretchability than 80PP-20TPU. Therefore, 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt (MF) was chosen as the substrate for collecting gelatin nanofibers to create a composite fiber-based filter material. Finally, a novel biodegradable bi-layer composite filter membrane product was successfully produced using gelatin nanofibers (NF)/melt-blown fibers (MF)-5. The process involved coating the electro-blown NF webs for 5 minutes between two MF nonwovens. The NF/MF-5 integrated filter exhibited a filtration efficiency of 78.36% against a low-pressure drop of 32 Pa. Additionally, a satisfactory higher filtration performance, QF of 0.05 Pa−1, was achieved. These findings suggest that the NF/MF-5 composite fibrous filter membrane could serve as a viable option for filtering PM0.3 particles. Bu çalışmada, biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir biyomateryal ve sentetik parçalanabilir materyallerden yapılmış yeni bir çok katmanlı kompozit filtre membranı hava filtreleme uygulamaları için kullanılacaktır. Günümüzde, hava kirliliği seviyelerindeki artış ve COVID-19 gibi küresel salgınlar nedeniyle kirli havayı filtrelemek için filtre malzemelerine olan ihtiyaç artmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, filtrelerin büyük çoğunluğu, kullanımdan sonra çevreye atıldığında ikincil kirliliğe katkıda bulunan sentetik polimer bazlı filtrelerdir. Bu sorunu çözmek için, sentetik filtrelerin organik atık jelatin biyopolimer ve biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen sentetik bazlı polimerlerden yapılmış biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen alternatiflerle değiştirilmesi çok önemlidir. Bu, temiz bir çevrenin korunması ve temiz hava sağlanması için gereklidir. Bu çalışma, elektrik destekli çözeltiden üfleme (ESBS) veya elektro üfleme (EB) ve eriyik üfleme (MB) teknolojisi olarak adlandırılan optimize edilmiş jelatin nanofibröz ağları kullanarak biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir bir kompozit lifli ortam üretmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Buna ek olarak, polipropilen (PP)-termoplastik poliüretan (TPU)-çinko stearat (ZnSt) veya PP-polilaktik asit (PLA)-ZnSt'den yapılmış mikron altı dokunmamış ağlar eriyik üfleme yoluyla üretilmiştir. Elektret lifleri oluşturmak için korona şarjının etkisi de kullanılmış ve eriyik üflemeli filtre malzemeleri üzerinde karakterize edilmiştir. Filtrasyon performansı, mekanik özellikler ve biyolojik bozunma oranı yoluyla çevre dostu olmayı içeren karakterizasyon testi sonuçlarına dayanarak, PP-TPU veya PP-PLA-ZnSt eriyik üflemeli ağlar, kompozit dokunmamış ağlar oluşturmak için nanofiber jelatin malzeme ile birleştirilmek üzere seçilmiştir. Seçilen eriyik üflemeli malzeme, jelatin nanofiberlerin toplanması için bir substrat görevi görmüştür. Elde edilen kompozit filtre malzemesi, 0.3 µm (PM0.3) boyutundaki partikül madde aerosolünü kirli havadan uzaklaştırmak için bir hava filtresi olarak potansiyel kullanımı açısından incelenmiştir. Jelatin nanofiber ağların üretimi ESBS teknolojisi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Jelatin konsantrasyonu, hava basıncı ve elektrik voltajının nanolif ağların ortalama lif çapı (AFD) ve ortalama damlacık alanı (ADA) üzerindeki etkisi Taguchi deney tasarımı kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Taguchi optimizasyonunda ağırlıkça %9, 12 ve 15 jelatin konsantrasyonları, 1, 2 ve 3 bar hava basınçları ve 0, 15 ve 20 kV elektrik gerilimleri dikkate alınmıştır. Amaç, gelişmiş filtrasyon performansı için jelatin nanofiber filtre malzemesini optimize etmekti. Sonuçlar, G-12120 olarak etiketlenen optimize edilmiş nanolifli ağın ağırlıkça %12 jelatin konsantrasyonunda, 1 bar hava basıncında ve 20 kV elektrik voltajında üretildiğini göstermiştir. Burada, jelatin konsantrasyonunun değişen elyaf çapı ve damlacık alanı üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. G-12120 filtresi 0,3 μm partiküller için %90,5 filtrasyon verimliliğine sahiptir ancak 225 Pa basınç düşüşü vardır. Optimize edilmiş nanofibröz ağ 0,0105 Pa-1 kalite faktörüne (QF) sahiptir. PP-TPU eriyik üflemeli çalışmada, eriyik üfleme ile ilk kez gerilebilir ve yüksek filtrasyon performanslı bir PP-TPU tekstil malzemesi üretildi. Korona şarjlı çift katmanlı 80PP-20TPU nonwovenlar, 95 L/dak hava akış hızında %99,25 filtrasyon verimliliğine ve 0,13 mm H2O-1 QF değerine sahiptir. Ağırlıkça %20 TPU ilavesi PP'nin gerilme mukavemetini %72,22 ve uzamasını %38,1 oranında artırmıştır. Biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen önemli bir sentetik polimer olan PLA, son zamanlarda hava filtrasyonu için eriyik üfleme işleminde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, kırılganlık özellikleri eriyik üflemeli işlemeyi zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu nedenle, ZnSt plastikleştirici eklenmesi esnekliği artırarak eriyik üflemeyi kolaylaştırır. Buna ek olarak, PP gibi diğer kolay eritilerek şişirilebilen polimerlerle karıştırılması PLA'nın eritilerek şişirme işlemini kolaylaştırabilir. PP, PLA ve ZnSt gibi polimerler kullanılarak biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen bir filtre malzemesi üretmek için eriyik üfleme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bu bölüm, PP-PLA-ZnSt filtre malzemelerinin olağanüstü filtrasyon performansını ve esnekliğini keşfetmeyi amaçlamıştır. Korona şarjlı çift katmanlı 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt, 0,12 mmH2O-1 filtrasyon performansı ile 95 l/dak akış hızında %97,42 gibi etkileyici bir verimlilik elde etmiştir. Filtre malzemesi 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt ayrıca 380 ± 70 kPa maksimum gerilme mukavemeti ile olağanüstü gerilebilirliğe sahiptir. Bu nedenle, eriyik üfleme çalışmalarına dayanarak hem 80PP-20TPU hem de 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt benzer filtreleme performansı göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt, 80PP-20TPU'dan daha iyi bozunabilirliğe ve gerilebilirliğe sahiptir. Bu nedenle, 75PP-25PLA-ZnSt (MF), kompozit elyaf bazlı bir filtre malzemesi oluşturmak üzere jelatin nanolifleri toplamak için substrat olarak seçilmiştir. Son olarak, jelatin nanolifler (NF)/eritilerek şişirilmiş lifler (MF)-5 kullanılarak yeni bir biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir çift katmanlı kompozit filtre membran ürünü başarıyla üretilmiştir. Süreç, elektro-üflemeli NF ağlarının iki MF nonwoven arasında 5 dakika boyunca kaplanmasını içeriyordu. NF/MF-5 entegre filtre, 32 Pa'lık düşük bir basınç düşüşüne karşı %78,36'lık bir filtrasyon verimliliği sergilemiştir. Ayrıca, 0,05 Pa-1'lik tatmin edici bir yüksek filtrasyon performansı (QF) elde edilmiştir. Bu bulgular, NF/MF-5 kompozit lifli filtre membranının PM0.3 partiküllerini filtrelemek için uygun bir seçenek olarak hizmet edebileceğini göstermektedir.Öğe Rapid fabrication of micro-nanofibers from grapevine leaf extract and gelatine via electroblowing: A novel approach for edible active food packaging(Elsevier, 2023) Dayisoylu, Kenan Sinan; Akboga, Zisan; Dogan, Cemhan; Kaya, Elife; Akgul, Yasin; Dogan, Nurcan; Eticha, Andinet KumellaThe objective of this study was to develop novel micro-nanofibers for food packaging using grapevine extract (GLP) and gelatine using electroblowing technique. The identified components of GLP were dominated by the flavone group phenolics, as analyzed by LC-MS/MS. SBS was used to fabricate gelatine micro-nanofiber mats loaded with three different concentrations of GLP, which were subsequently cross-linked. The micro-nanofibers were characterized by their morphology, chemistry, thermal properties, and bioactivity. The in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the nanofiber mats were determined using various methods, which showed an in-crease in effectiveness with increasing GLP concentration. The in-situ assessment, where the nanofibers were applied to cheese, also showed a consistent improvement in shelf life with the use of GLP-loaded gelatin electroblown fibers.Öğe Tailoring of Gelatin-Chitosan Nanofibers Functionalized with Eucalyptus Essential Oil via Electroblowing for Potential Food Packaging and Wound Dressing Applications(Korean Fiber Soc, 2024) Elomar, Zeyne; Eticha, Andinet Kumella; Dogan, Nurcan; Akgul, Yasin; Dogan, CemhanIn recent years, new approaches to fabricating nanofiber networks for potential applications in wound dressing and food packaging have been in the spotlight. This study aimed to produce functional webs based on gelatin, chitosan, and eucalyptus essential oil using the electro-blowing method instead of traditional spinning methods such as electrospinning. The resultant nanofiber webs exhibit promising morphological characteristics, including reduced fiber diameters, enhanced air permeability, and improved thermal stability. The integration of chitosan and eucalyptus essential oil overcomes limitations associated with gelatin, offering enhanced mechanical properties, antibacterial efficacy, and potential attributes for wound healing and food packaging. The combination of gelatin and chitosan contributes to biodegradability and biocompatibility, crucial for developing materials compatible with the natural environment. The addition of eucalyptus essential oil provides an additional layer of antimicrobial protection, aligning with sustainability goals in wound care and active food packaging. A comprehensive analysis encompassing SEM morphologies, fiber diameters, air permeability, FTIR spectra, TGA thermograms, and contact angle measurements establishes a thorough understanding of the fabricated nanofiber webs' characteristics. Despite the favorable properties exhibited by the developed nanofiber webs for wound healing and food packaging applications, the incorporation of eucalyptus essential oil resulted in a reduction in tensile strength and elongation ratios. This observation highlights the necessity for further optimization and fine-tuning of the formulation to strike a balance between antimicrobial benefits and mechanical properties. Distinguished by its unique combination of gelatin, chitosan, and eucalyptus essential oil, this research contributes to the advancement of nanofiber technology, expanding knowledge in the field and paving the way for the development of advanced materials with enhanced therapeutic properties for wound healing and food packaging.
