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Öğe Applicability of European landscape typology in Turkey (Cakrlar Watershed case/Antalya)(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Gungoroglu, Cumhur; Kavgaci, Ali; Cosgun, Ufuk; Calikoglu, Mehmet; Ortel, Erdal; Balpinar, NeslihanThe aim of this study is to put forward Turkey as a case study of the applicability of the European approach to landscape characterisation studies at the local scale within the context of the European Landscape Convention. For this purpose, a classification of landscape types with the help of LANMAP typology is suggested at the European scale in a basin in Turkey where there are obvious differences in terms of landscape characteristics. In particular, this study examines the usability of a countrywide thematic database when making this classification. It is understood that a mapping system as well as a common nomenclature of types of land covered at the country scale is insufficient for the suggested methodology for Europe. Later, results of the continuation of a classification system at the local scale for landscape characterisation are discussed, and some deficiencies of LANMAP when characterising the landscapes at this scale are mentioned.Öğe Comparison between Post-Fire Analysis and Pre-Fire Risk Assessment According to Various Geospatial Data(Mdpi, 2024) Gungoroglu, Cumhur; Ismailoglu, Irem; Kapukaya, Bekir; Ozcan, Orkan; Yanalak, Mustafa; Musaoglu, NebiyeWildfires in forest ecosystems exert substantial ecological, economic, and social impacts. The effectiveness of fire management hinges on precise pre-fire risk assessments to inform mitigation efforts. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between predictions from pre-fire risk assessments and outcomes observed through post-fire burn severity analyses. In this study, forest fire risk was assessed through the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP), in which fire-oriented factors were used as input. The degree of burn was determined by the Random Forest method using 11,519 training points and 400 test points on Sentinel-2 satellite images under three different classes. According to the results obtained from 266 selected test points located within the forest, all primary factors put forth increased high burn severity. Climate, in particular, emerged as the most significant factor, accounting for 52% of the overall impact. However, in cases of high fire severity, climate proved to be the most effective risk factor, accounting for 67%. This was followed by topography with 50% accuracy at a high fire intensity. In the risk assessment based on the FAHP method, climate was assigned the highest weight value among the other factors (32.2%), followed by topography (27%). To evaluate the results more comprehensively, both visually and statistically, two regions with different stand canopy characteristics were selected within the study area. While high burn severity had the highest accuracy in the Case 1 area, moderate burn severity had the highest in the Case 2 area. During the days of the fire, the direction of spreading was obtained from the MODIS images. In this way, the fire severity was also interpreted depending on the direction of fire progression. Through an analysis of various case studies and literature, this research underlines both the inherent strengths and limitations of predicting forest fire behavior-based pre-fire risk assessments. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of continuous improvement to increase the success of forest fire management.Öğe CONTRIBUTIONS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES TO MANAGEMENT OF FOREST FIRES(Tuba-Turkish Acad Sciences, 2021) Musaoglu, Nebiye; Yanalak, Mustafa; Gungoroglu, Cumhur; Ozcan, OrkanIn 2021, the forest fires in the Mediterranean Region led to substantial loss of life and property. In our country, average annual forest area of 10350 ha was affected by fire between years 1997-2018. The fires that occurred particularly close to the residential regions damage residential areas, ecosystem and cause civilian injuries and deaths. Generation of accurate information and keeping information up-to-date in being prepared for the forest fires is only possible with up-to-date information technologies. Fast and accurate data flow and simultaneous analysis of this data is crucial in determining the fire vulnerability, conducting risk analyses and keeping them up-to-date, as well. Herein, remote sensing images are important data source. The geographic information systems, which enable the analysis of all information together, are indispensible in taking precautions and process management. In this study, firstly remote sensing was referred in forest fire studies and then the results of the risk analysis that was conducted in Cakirlar-Antalya with geographic information system (GIS) and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarcy Process (FAHP) were presented.Öğe Determination of forest fire risk with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and its mapping with the application of GIS: The case of Turkey/Cakirlar(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2017) Gungoroglu, CumhurThe objectives of this study are the determination of forest fire risks with the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and the mapping of risk levels with the use of geographic information systems (GIS). Socioeconomic, topographic, climatic, and stand structures have been taken into consideration as instrumental criteria in terms of fire risk. Each risk criteria and their sub-criteria membership grades have been determined with the fuzzy set theory. Five-scale fuzzy linguistic importance has been used for pairwise comparison matrices. Criterion weights have been mapped with the use of GIS, and a final risk map was established with weighted overlay analysis. Socioeconomic properties had the highest impact on fire risk with 35%. The high risk degree of this criterion manifests in shrublands with substantial fuel loads and young Calabrian pine forests in low elevation areas at the edge of roads, urban and urban periphery areas, south sloping, and steep sloped areas. The lowest risk degree was manifest in stands of cedar, black pine, and juniper forests, qualifying as old growth spreading in sub-mountain areas where land usage is rather low. Experiences regarding high accuracy fire risk determination and decision support approaches for fire risk management have been discussed and concluded in terms of applied FAHP and GIS procedures.Öğe LEGAL GAPS IN THE WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE AREAS(Tuba-Turkish Acad Sciences, 2021) Yanalak, Mustafa; Gungoroglu, Cumhur; Isiler, MehmetOur forests, which covers approximately 29% of our country's land and have about 23 million hectares area, are under the continuous threat of natural or man-made fires. Fire disasters are constantly emerged in regions under the influence on Mediterranean climate such as Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara coasts which are the important part of our country. It is very important to take some measures to reduce the effects of fires that may occur as a result of the natural growth processes of forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean climate type. Especially the forests in the southern and western parts of our country are very close to the residential districts. Villages in the forest and on the edge of the forest and facilities related to tourism, garbage storage and industrial activities are in close interaction with forest area. For this reason, these fires may damage not only our forests but also the surrounding settlements and facilities. Uncontrolled construction and human activities in such areas can cause environments that make fire management difficult by affecting the amount of combustible material and its distribution characteristics. Considering that approximately 12 million hectares of our forest area is located in fire-sensitive areas, the Rehabilitation of Burnt Forest Areas and Establishment of Fire-Resistant Forests Project (YARDOP) was revised and put forward in 2014 within the scope of Circular Letter No. 6976 in order to increase the resistance of these areas towards forest fires. In this context, some studies have been recently carried out in many regions within the scope of YARDOP. The fire prevention facilities at the intersection zones of residential districts and forest lands were defined and main topics to be considered in related studies were also specified in YARDOP document. Some legal and administrative regulations are required to increase the effectiveness of fire management activities for the disaster prevention to be carried out at the wildland and urban interface areas. In this study, first of all, the basic topics about the legal situation of the forestry areas are mentioned, the basic issues about the YARDOP studies are introduced. Then, legal gaps for the wildland and urban interface areas are analyzed and some suggestions were made in this context.Öğe NATURA 2000: ITS STATUS QUO, OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR FOREST BIODIVERSITY IN TURKEY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Gungoroglu, CumhurTurkey has an impressive richness in terms of fauna and flora. Nearly 28% of total country area of Turkey is covered by the forests. The aim of this research is to present the status, opportunities and challenges for forest biodiversity in Turkey according to EU Natura 2000 concept. This concept is a European ecological network which is occurred species and habitats designated by the EU Member States based on legally binding legislation. The importance of directives is emerging by designation of their special conservation areas under Natura 2000 sites. Designation of sites under those Directives takes some processes. SACs designed as sites to protect EU importance plants, animals and wildlife habitats which are assessed by the Habitats Directive. SPAs are sites of conservation value for rare and threatened European bird species which are designated under the Birds Directive. The species richness and habitat diversity of Turkey's forestry is a challenge for both Turkey and EU. Turkey includes species belonging to three different floristic regions. This opportunity is not common among EU countries. The forest types of Turkey have more structured importance according to diverse vulnerable species and biogeographically distribution of habitats than European countries. It should be thought that the number of Europe's forest habitat types could be considerably increase with Turkey's forest types. Before the selecting, designing and managing, the Natura 2000 sites in Turkey are needed some research to supply the assessment criteria for national assessment of species and habitats. The existing protected areas of Turkey and important endemic plant areas are available as potential Natura 2000 sites at national level. One of the most important deficiencies is lying in the inadequacy of data that will not supply some criteria to select and design the Special Areas for Conservation at European level.Öğe PREDICTING CROWN FUEL BIOMASS OF TURKISH RED PINE (Pinus brutia Ten. FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS OF TURKEY(Croatian Forestry Soc, 2018) Gungoroglu, Cumhur; Guney, C. Okan; Sari, Abdullah; Serttas, AyhanAccurate fuel load estimation is an important prerequisite for effective forest fire management. The aim of this study was to develop empirical allometric equations for the estimation of crown fuel loading of Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) trees of Southwestern Mediterranean region of Turkey using dendrometric variables. For this study, 84 trees were sampled destructively. Branch samples of crown fuel biomass were classified as foliage and as branches within the following diameter ranges: very fine (<= 0,3 cm), fine (0,31-0,6 cm), medium (0,61-1.0 cm), thick (1,01-2,5 cm) and active fuels. To estimate the crown biomass, the diameter at breast height, tree height, crown length, and crown width were used as the independent variables. Stepwise function and logarithmic linear regression models were used to analyze the relationships between the fuel biomass and properties of the sampled trees. Among all of the obtained allometric equations, the variation in fine branches was explained the most by crown width and crown length which together explained R-adj(2), of 90.2 of the variation in fine branches. The variation in very fine branches was explained the least by tree height, which only explained R-adj(2) of 60.4% the variation in very fine branches. The total crown fuel loading of Calabrian pine in present study compared with studies distributed in Greece and Turkey indicate, the fuel biomass of Calabrian pines can differ between regions.Öğe Recent land-use and land-cover changes and its driving factors in a fire-prone area of southwestern Turkey(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2017) Viedma, Olga; Moreno, Jose M.; Gungoroglu, Cumhur; Cosgun, Ufuk; Kavgaci, AliDuring the last decades, contrasted trends in forest fires among countries around the Mediterranean basin have been observed. In the northern/western countries, Land Use-Land Cover (LULC) changes led to more hazardous landscapes, with consequent increases in fires. This contrasted with fire trends in southern/eastern countries. The recent incidence of large fires in some of the latter prompted the question of whether they are now following the path of their neighbors decades earlier. In this study, we investigated recent LULC changes in southwestern Turkey, focusing on those that could affect fire, and the factors driving them. To this end, LULC maps at different time steps (1975,1990, 2000 and 2010) were obtained from Landsat images, together with relevant socioeconomic data. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were applied to assess the effects of socioeconomic and geophysical factors on the dominant LULC changes over time. Over the whole period studied, the most important LULC changes were deforestation followed by afforestation. Deforestation was positively related to high livestock density and proximity to villages and increased forest interfaces with other LULC types. We found no evidence that LULC changes were making the landscape more hazardous as there was a net decrease in fuels biomass and the landscape became more fragmented over time. However, despite the area being heavily used and relatively fragmented, large fires can occur driven by severe weather. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
