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Öğe Architecture, Protocols, and Applications of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)(Engineering and Technology Publishing, 2022) Askar, N.A.; Habbal, A.; Mohammed, A.H.; Sajat, M.S.; Yusupov, Z.; Kodirov, D.The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnected framework of web-connected objects that can collect and transfer information over a remote network without requiring any human intervention. The rapid progression in the development of IoT-based devices and their expansion towards making the medical care facility financially more savvy, proactive, and customized, has given rise to the development of the "Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)" that are assumed to function proactively in all domains of the healthcare industry. Within this framework, the IoMT-based healthcare system delivers various advantages, such as quick and unfailing treatment, enhanced communication, cost minimization, etc., through the exploitation of several new technologies. For instance, machine learning has significantly helped with the exploitation of various healthcare systems; fog computing not only minimises the cost of communication but also provides low latency; blockchain delivers its users a much better way of protecting sensitive and confidential information and data they possess. In this survey, a comprehensive elaboration of the IoMT-based healthcare systems based on modern technologies was conducted. This article describes various techniques and solutions of IoMT healthcare systems in the context of emerging technologies, and the related future trends and applications for a better understanding of how IoMT can enhance the healthcare industry now and in future. © 2022 Journal of Communications and 2022 by the authors.Öğe Caching Strategies for the Metaverse: Taxonomy, Open Challenges, and Future Research Directions(International Federation of Engineering Education Societies (IFEES), 2024) Mohammed, A.H.; Alaidaros, H.; Salleh, F.; Sajat, M.S.; Ramaha, N.; Habbal, A.The metaverse, which is considered to be the next evolutionary stage of the Internet, has captured the attention of both academia and industry. Its primary goal is to establish a shared 3D virtual space that interconnects all virtual worlds through the Internet. In this shared space, users are represented as digital avatars, enabling them to communicate, interact with each other, and engage with the virtual environment as if they were in the physical world. However, realizing the full potential of the metaverse poses significant challenges, such as the requirement for higher throughput compared to current social VR platforms and the need to minimize latency to just a few milliseconds to uphold a truly immersive user experience. Caching is a critical aspect of optimizing data access on the current Internet, and it is equally crucial for addressing similar challenges in Web 3.0 and the metaverse. This paper explores different caching strategies suggested to address these challenges on the current Internet and assesses their potential relevance to the metaverse. Caching strategies are categorized into three groups: web caching, mobile caching, and Internet of Things (IoT) caching. Recent solu-tions are then examined to determine their relevance to the metaverse. Finally, the paper discusses open research challenges and potential future research directions in this domain. © 2024 by the authors of this article.Öğe Digital signature: Enabling trust and security in Industry 5.0 transactions(CRC Press, 2024) Katuk, N.; Nordin, N.; Habbal, A.This chapter explores the significance of digital signatures in Industry 5.0. Digital signatures, acting as cryptographic safeguards, play a pivotal role in ensuring the authenticity and integrity of electronic transactions within this transformative industrial paradigm. The study delves into the strategic implementation of digital signature technologies for secure transactions, emphasising their crucial role in fostering trust and security in digital interactions. The research navigates through the cryptographic foundations underpinning secure transactions by examining the algorithms employed in digital signatures within Industry 5.0. The exploration encompasses the intricacies of these algorithms, elucidating their importance in safeguarding data and bolstering the overall security posture in the dynamic landscape of Industry 5.0. The chapter delineates practical applications of digital signatures within Industry 5.0. From supply chain management to intellectual property protection and financial transactions, it underscores the diverse ways digital signatures enhance security, transparency, and efficiency in industrial operations. Combining blockchain and digital signatures promotes secure, collaborative, and efficient digital interactions across diverse sectors. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Edited by Norliza Katuk, Roberto Vergallo and Tito Sugiharto. All rights reserved.Öğe Internet of Things Applications for Smart Campus(Universiti Utara Malaysia Press, 2021) Salleh, F.; Hassan, S.; Habbal, A.; Mkpojiogu, E.Internet of Things (IoT) provides a platform for sensors, devices and “things” (objects) to interface and communicate seamlessly within a smart environment. It enables a convenient sharing of information across platforms. In addition, wireless technologies and the opportunities offered by the Internet technology place IoT as the next revolutionary technology. IoT provides several benefits for a smart campus through the integration of things, connectivity and intelligent systems such as smart learning, smart library, smart sports complex, smart healthcare, smart water and waste management, and smart energy consumption, etc. In this paper, the Internet of Things (IoT) for smart campus was discussed conceptually. The paper examined the smart campus concept and services, and provided possible smart campus architecture. It showed the applications of IoT to smart campus, IoT usage on a smart campus environment and some open challenges facing IoT for smart campus and some possible way forward. © 2021 Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Internet Applications, Protocols and Services: Enduring Internet's Use and Growth in the Pandemic Era, NETAPPS 2020. All Rights Reserved.Öğe Mode selection mechanism to enable effective device-to- device communication system over different environments(International Association of Online Engineering, 2019) Alden, F.Z.; Hassan, S.; Habbal, A.Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is an important component of the 5G mobile networks. D2D communication enables users to communicate either directly without network assistance or with minimum signalling information through a base station (BS). Hence, D2D communication can enhance system capacity, increase spectral efficiency, improve throughput and reduce latency. One of the main challenges in D2D communications that when a potential D2D pair can switch between direct and conventional cellular communications, there lies a challenge in identifying D2D mode selection between communicating devices (i.e. a D2D pair). This paper aims to evaluate the mode selection mechanism in different environments (indoor, outdoor). The mode selection mechanism is proposed using multi-criteria for decision-making technique, the mode selection mechanism based on Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) algorithm is used to wisely connect and switch between the available modes. The evaluation of the proposed mechanism for indoor environment and outdoor environment shows better performance based on user preferences. © 2019 iJIM.Öğe Modeling and Control of Decentralized Microgrid Based on Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicle Charging Station(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Yusupov, Z.; Almagrahi, N.; Yaghoubi, E.; Yaghoubi, E.; Habbal, A.; Kodirov, D.Energy scarcity, environmental pollution, and the exponential rise in demand for energy are all significant global problems. The integration of distributed energy resources (DER) into electric power systems (EPS) and the use of electric vehicles (EVs) due to low pollution has increased in recent decades. The operating reliability and efficiency of the power systems are affected when DERs and energy storage devices are integrated into a distribution network. In a different scenario, a vital step toward low-carbon mobility is the electrification of automobiles. To integrate the widespread adoption of electric vehicles into EPS, it is necessary to coordinate the combination of centralized and decentralized control of EPS at the EV grid infrastructure. In this paper, a microgrid (MG) with decentralized control of renewable energy and an EV charging station is designed and modeled for Karabuk University campus. In the proposed mathematical model, the Park transformer is applied based on injection current in the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and using the PI controller to control active power. This technique can keep the frequency and power in both grid-connected and islanded modes, also significantly reducing the number of harmonics in the grid-connected mode. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.Öğe Music Royalty Payment Scheme Using Blockchain Technology(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Yahya, A.; Habbal, A.This paper briefly discusses the modern music industry setting and blockchain technology and how blockchain can be used to create a better music industry for the benefit of artist. The music industry is big and complex which generated a lot of problems for both the artist side and the industry as corporations and also put the artists and music labels and management at odds which has participated in a making the music industry a very bad environment and full of mistrust. Blockchain is classified by Gartner as one of the top ten strategic technologies in 2019, blockchain is based in distributed set or records linked together forming a chain, these records are held by different entities in a peer-to-peer network these entities work together to secure the information in the chain. by analyzing how the industry works and also present some use cases of the use of blockchain within the music industry. the paper gives a proposal to a new royalty payments system based on the environment of the blockchain technology. The paper also gives a brief about the challenges and road blocks that may face the implementation of the technology within the music industry. © 2021 IEEE.Öğe Peer Selection in Device-to-Device Communication Based on Multi-Attribute Decision Making(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Zenalden, F.; Hassan, S.; Habbal, A.The massive number of peers in network with the mobility of peers rises the challenges of finding the best peer to establish a Device-to-Device (D2D) connection. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of the peer selection mechanism where the peer selection mechanism is proposed using a multi-attribute decision-making technique, based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Hierarchical Adaptive Weighting (HAW) algorithms. It attempts to find and select the best peer to establish D2D communication when the user is moving among different cells in the network. The performance of the proposed mechanism showed better performance based on the attribute weights. © 2020 IEEE.Öğe Performance Analysis of Radio Access Technology Selection Mechanisms in Smart Airport Environment for 5G Network(Universiti Utara Malaysia Press, 2021) Salleh, F.; Hassan, S.; Habbal, A.Ultra-Dense Network (UDN) is the extreme densification of heterogeneous Radio Access Technology (RAT) that is deployed closely in a coordinated or uncoordinated manner. The densification of RAT forms an overlapping zone of signal coverage leading to frequent handovers among the RAT and degrading the system performance. Effective and proper consideration of RAT selection mechanisms is required to avoid the unnecessary handover among the RAT. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of selected multi-attribute decision-making mechanisms for RAT selection in investigating the need to choose a new RAT and further determine the best amongst the available ones. The evaluation of selection mechanisms consisted of three mechanisms which were Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR Method). Subsequently, an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was used to calculate the weighting for each criterion. The implications of the research are significant in providing reliable RAT selection within Dense Network, thus supporting heterogeneous RAT deployment in 5G networks. © 2021 Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Internet Applications, Protocols and Services: Enduring Internet's Use and Growth in the Pandemic Era, NETAPPS 2020. All Rights Reserved.Öğe Review of Peer Selection Process in Device-to-Device Communication(Universiti Utara Malaysia Press, 2021) ZenAlden, F.; Hassan, S.; Habbal, A.The needs for emerging different communication technologies in the current and future network become necessary to achieve the development goals. So, the enhancement of any technology will reflect on the whole system. However, the improvement in the peering selection process will enhance the D2D communication performance that will reflect on the overall network performance and move forward to implement more technologies in the network. This paper aims to provide a review of the peering selection process and explain the main factors that could enhance performance. Also, it explains the importance of making the selection by considering the social relationship between users. The procedure of peering selection should be accurate and prevent privacy leakage that can be achieved if the peering selection considers the right factors in terms of social relationship and connection status. © 2021 Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Internet Applications, Protocols and Services: Enduring Internet's Use and Growth in the Pandemic Era, NETAPPS 2020. All Rights Reserved.Öğe RLEAFS: Reinforcement Learning based Energy Aware Forwarding Strategy for NDN based IoT Networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Askar, N.A.; Habbal, A.Internet of Things technology is seeing huge success in various fields. Smart objects combined with Internet connection have become an essential part of every aspect of human life. The way people interact with the things around them has inevitably changed. The IoT system presents many challenges. Devices are heterogeneous and limited in energy and memory. The applications used require a continuous and stable connection to transmit information effectively. This results in high energy consumption. Named Data Networking (NDN) is a promising networking concept. Unlike traditional networking, it's a data-driven model. It uses names to identify and retrieve data instead of device addresses. NDN provides a simple and efficient forwarding mechanism which makes it suitable for IOT communication. In this paper, we proposed forwarding strategy based on reinforcement learning for NDN-based IoT communications. The proposal integrates the reinforcement learning algorithm in the path selection strategy to optimize the overall energy consumption and extend the network lifetime. This research consists of two schemes firstly provide the complexities and dynamic nature of real-world IoT environments, finally, enhance the interest forward strategy. Our proposed research is implemented in ndnSIM and compared with state of the-art IOT-NDN forwarding strategies. The obtained results show clearly the effectiveness and robustness of our solution which outperforms the benchmarked methods in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, retrieval time, and satisfactory rates. © 2013 IEEE.Öğe Robust Channel Assignment for Hybrid NOMA Systems with Condition Number Constrainted DRL(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Zheng, J.; Tang, X.; Wei, X.; Song, L.; Muhsen, H.; Habbal, A.The Hybrid Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is an alternative solution for future multiple access techniques, and the performance of hybrid NOMA systems relies on the quality of channel assignment. Conventional optimization approaches rely on the perfect Channel State Information (CSI), which hinders the deployment of the Hybrid systems. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) approaches are robust to uncertain environments, and have been applied to deal with the dynamic channel assignment in hybrid NOMA systems. In this paper, a novel DRL approach based on condition number constraint is proposed to further enhance the robustness of the model. The simulation results show that the proposed approach achieves higher average spectral efficiency under imperfect CSI, compared to unconstrained DRL approaches and conventional approaches. This is useful for critical infrastructure systems such as base stations that require a high degree of robustness. © 2021 IEEE.Öğe SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INDICES AND THEIR REFLECTION ON INTERNET PERFORMANCE IN ASEAN COUNTRIES(Penerbit UTM Press, 2024) Habbal, A.; Mkpojiogu, E.O.C.; Cottrell, L.; White, B.; Hassan, S.; Zulhumadi, F.Despite Internet use rapidly accelerating in ASEAN countries, its penetration rate across member countries varies from 84.45% of the population in Singapore to roughly 21.87% in Laos. This digital divide portends profound consequences on the social-economic development of the region. Therefore, this article describes an Internet performance study conducted within ASEAN countries using actual Internet performance data collected from 2000 to 2019 generated by the PingER Project. The results showed that the pattern of Internet performance (IP) is that the most developed countries have the best Internet performance, whereas the least developed ones have the lowest Internet performance. These Internet performance data were then compared and analyzed against several selected social-economic development indices in order to observe any trends and establish observable relationships. Initial inspection indicated a possible relationship between Internet performance and the indices, which was then statistically tested further by correlation and regression. Next, the relationship was then represented by a regression model, which was then validated through R2 and graphical residual analysis. As a result, this study has proposed a novel model that provides an insight into the influence of social-economic development indices on Internet performance in ASEAN countries. © 2024 Penerbit UTM Press.
