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Öğe Classification of Osteophytes Occurring in the Lumbar Intervertebral Foramen(Mdpi, 2024) Tacyildiz, Abdullah Emre; Inceoglu, FeyzaBackground: Surgeons have limited knowledge of the lumbar intervertebral foramina. This study aimed to classify osteophytes in the lumbar intervertebral foramen and to determine their pathoanatomical characteristics, discuss their potential biomechanical effects, and contribute to developing surgical methods. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, non-randomized, single-center study involving 1224 patients. The gender, age, and anatomical location of the osteophytes in the lumbar intervertebral foramina of the patients were recorded. Results: Two hundred and forty-nine (20.34%) patients had one or more osteophytes in their lumbar 4 and 5 foramina. Of the 4896 foramina, 337 (6.88%) contained different types of osteophytes. Moreover, four anatomical types of osteophytes were found: mixed osteophytes in 181 (3.69%) foramina, osteophytes from the lower endplate of the superior vertebrae in 91 (1.85%) foramina, osteophytes from the junction of the pedicle and lamina of the upper vertebrae in 39 foramina (0.79%), and osteophytes from the upper endplate of the lower vertebrae in 26 (0.53%) foramina. The L4 foramen contained a significantly higher number of osteophytes than the L5 foramen. Osteophyte development increased significantly with age, with no difference between males and females. Conclusions: The findings show that osteophytic extrusions, which alter the natural anatomical structure of the lumbar intervertebral foramina, are common and can narrow the foramen.Öğe Reliability of the Modified Star Excursion Balance Test in individuals with Down Syndrome(Elsevier, 2022) Ozmen, Tarik; Gunes, Musa; Simsek, Ayse; Inceoglu, FeyzaNeuromotor problems such as hypotonia, incoordination, impaired sensory-motor integration lead to significant delays in motor skills and balance development in individuals with Down Syndrome (DS). Balance control is essential for performing many motor skills independently and safely. Standardised testing of balance control can contribute significantly to the rehabilitation of individuals with DS. The purpose of this study was to determine intrarater and interrater reliability of the Modified Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) for individuals with DS. Thirteen individuals with DS were recruited in this study. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC [3,1]) with 95% confidence intervals, standard error of measurement (SEM), the smallest detectable difference (SDD) and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient were calculated. In all directions of the Modified SEBT, no statistically significant difference was found between two raters' first and second measurements (p > 0.05). Interrater reliability for all reach directions of the Modified SEBT was high, with ICC ranging from 0.990 to 0.998.95% confidence intervals, SEM and SDD ranged from 0.924 to 0.999, 0.180-2.434 and 3.270-6.747, respectively. The Modified SEBT are reliable for evaluating dynamic balance in individuals with DS aged between 6 and 24 years. (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.