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    A Review of 3D Indoor Positioning and Navigation in Geographic Information Systems
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Kazangirler, B.Y.; Karas, I.R.; Ozcan, C.
    Geographic information system (GIS) has become widespread with the management of geographically-based information, constituting a large part of the new data obtained and produced today in electronic platform. Three-dimensional (3D) models provide an overview of the more rapid establishment of new ideas that a two-dimensional (2D) visualization cannot present. Thus, 3D GIS demands data to be comprehensive and continious. 3D indoor positioning and 3D navigation are technologies that provide the ability to position and navigate indoors using these systems. The 3D navigation system is a field that can show covering objects in 3D along the route to the goal when precision is involved. In this study, navigation and indoor positioning studies in 3D GIS applications are mentioned, and particularly cutoff edge studies are included. It contains research on the use and benefits of 3D indoor modeling and navigation techniques. The literature examined for the study were evaluated, and it was concluded that 3D indoor positioning and navigation operations were generally performed with algorithms such as map-matching, location-based service, or ML/DL models. We comprehensively review positioning and navigation techniques in the 3D GIS field by combining existing studies, findings, and different approaches. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.