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    Teacher Self-Efficacy and Individual Academic Optimism as Predictors of Teacher Professional Learning: A Structural Equation Modeling
    (Turkish Education Assoc, 2021) Kilinc, Ali Cagatay; Polatcan, Mahmut; Atmaca, Taner; Kosar, Murat
    The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between teacher self-efficacy, individual academic optimism and teacher professional learning. A total of 300 teachers employed in primary and secondary schools located in the center of Karabuk province participated in this quantitative study designed as correlational research. The data of the current study were gathered through the Teacher Professional Learning Scale, Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale and Academic Optimism of Individual Teacher Scale. A Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was calculated to detect the relationships among variables of the study, and a path analysis was performed to indicate the direct predictive power of teacher self-efficacy on individual academic optimism and teacher professional learning, the direct predictive power of individual academic optimism on teacher professional learning and also the indirect predictive power of teacher self-efficacy on teacher professional learning through individual academic optimism. Results revealed that the dependent and independent variables of the study correlated to each other positively and significantly, and that teacher self-efficacy predicted individual academic optimism and teacher professional learning positively and significantly, and also that individual academic optimism predicted teacher professional learning positively and significantly. Finally, results illustrated that individual academic optimism predicted positively and indirectly teacher professional learning through individual academic optimism. The results of the current study supported the conceptual model built on the relationship between teacher self-efficacy, individual academic optimism, and teacher professional learning, the three being crucial for teacher development.
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    THE USAGE OF HYDROGEN FOR IMPROVING EMISSIONS AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN A SMALL GASOLINE ENGINE
    (Turkish Soc Thermal Sciences Technology, 2011) Kosar, Murat; Ozdalyan, Bulent; Celik, M. Bahattin
    As small gasoline engines run on slightly rich mixture, and do not have catalytic converter, their specific fuel consumption and emission values are very high. When the gasoline engines are operated with pure hydrogen NOx emissions increase and the backfire occurs. In this study, a small engine was run with hydrogen at a suitable lean mixture without occurring backfire, and improvements on fuel consumption and emissions were aimed. Performance emissions and cylinder pressures of the engine were measured for hydrogen and gasoline. The specific fuel consumption and NOx emissions were reduced by about 57% and 66%, respectively at hydrogen operation. Moreover the values near zero for CO, CO2 and HC emissions were obtained. The test results showed that the small gasoline engine can operate with pure hydrogen at a suitable lean mixture without any backfire, and provide important improvements in emissions and fuel consumption without using any exhaust control system, electronic ignition system and fuel injection system which increase cost of engine.