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Öğe Application of grey relational analysis based on Taguchi method for optimizing machining parameters in hard turning of high chrome cast iron(Springer, 2018) Kalyon, Ali; Gunay, Mustafa; Ozyurek, DursunHigh chrome white cast iron is particularly preferred in the production of machine parts requiring high wear resistance. Although the amount of chrome in these materials provides high wear and corrosion resistances, it makes their machinability difficult. This study presents an application of the grey relational analysis based on the Taguchi method in order to optimize chrome ratio, cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting depth for the resultant cutting force (F (R)) and surface roughness (R (a)) when hard turning high chrome cast iron with a cubic boron nitride (CBN) insert. The effect levels of machining parameters on F (R) and R (a) were examined by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). A grey relational grade (GRG) was calculated to simultaneously minimize F (R) and R (a). The ANOVA results based on GRG indicated that the feed rate, followed by the cutting depth, was the main parameter and contributed to responses. Optimal levels of parameters were found when the chrome ratio, cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting depth were 12%, 100 m/min, 0.05 mm/r, and 0.1 mm, respectively, based on the multiresponse optimization results obtained by considering the maximum signal to noise (S/N) ratio of GRG. Confirmation results were verified by calculating the confidence level within the interval width.Öğe Artificial neural network prediction of aging effects on the wear behavior of IN706 superalloy(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2015) Palavar, Osman; Ozyurek, Dursun; Kalyon, AliIn this study, the effect of aging parameters on wear behavior of PM Inconel 706 (IN 706) superalloy was experimentally investigated and an ANN model was developed to predict weight loss after wear tests. IN 706 superalloy powders were cold pressed (700 MPa) and sintered at 1270 degrees C for 90 min. The sintered components were gradually aged for 16 h at 730 degrees C and for 12-20 h at 620 degrees C. The samples of IN706 superalloy were subjected to wear test at a constant sliding speed of 1 m/s under three different loads (30 N, 45 N and 60 N) and for five different sliding distances (400-2000 m). The results clearly showed that delta, gamma' and gamma '' phases were observed around grain boundaries of IN 706 superalloy aged for different periods. The highest hardness was measured for the samples aged for 12 h. Weight losses were found to increase as the sliding distance increased. Moreover, the ANN modeling of weight loss values for IN 706 superalloy gave effective results and can be successfully used to predict weight loss values in the parameters that were determined by the obtained high R-2 value. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Corrosion Behaviour of 17-4 PH Stainless Steels Produced by Adding Different Amounts of Alloying Element and Aged at Different Times(Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer, 2023) Kocak, Salih cagatay; Simsek, Dogan; Simsek, Ijlal; Ozyurek, DursunIn this study the corrosion behaviour of 17-4 PH (precipitation hardening) stainless steel alloys, produced by adding Ta different amounts with the method of powder metallurgy, and aged at different times was investigated. Four different amounts tantalum (0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60% weight) was added to the alloy. The prepared powders were produced green compacts at circle minus 10 x 6 mm dimensions (800 MPa) after mixing with turbule for 2 hours. Green compacts produced were sintered for 1 h at 1300 degrees C under a vacuum of 10-6 mbar. The sintered samples were aged 1, 4 and 8 hours at 480 degrees C after being in solution at 1050 degrees C. Polarization measurements were performed in a corrosion cell, using three different electrode technique. In the corrosion tests, 0.1 M H2SO4 was used as the electrolyte medium. As a result of the studies, the alloy the hardness and densities were increased with increasing Ta amount. Similarly, the hardness and densities of produced samples were with increasing aging time. The corrosion tests revealed that increasing the amount of Ta added to the alloy increased the alloy's resistance to corrosion. The alloy's corrosion resistance decreased as aging time increased. The active corrosion mechanism was seen to be pitting corrosion in all alloys.Öğe Dry Sliding Wear Behaviors of Iron Addition to Nickel-Aluminum Bronze Produced by Mechanical Alloying(Springer India, 2020) Simsek, Dogan; Colak, Niyazi Y.; Simsek, Ijlal; Ozyurek, DursunIn this study, different amounts of iron are added to nickel-aluminum bronze produced by mechanical alloying and its effects on microstructure, hardness, and wear behaviors are investigated. Four different amounts of Fe (3.5, 4, 4.5, and 5 wt%) was added to Cu10Al5Ni alloy and mechanically alloyed for 60 min. After cold pressing (600 MPa), the alloy powders were sintered at 800 degrees C and cooled in furnace to room temperature. The samples were characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM + EDS), X-ray diffraction and hardness and density measurements. Wear tests were performed using a block-on-ring wear testing device with 0.2 m/s sliding velocity, four different sliding distances (400-1600 m) and three different loads (10 N, 20 N, and 30 N). As a result of the studies, it was found that the hardness value increased, and the density decreased with increasing Fe amount. Cu10Al5Ni containing 5% Fe was measured with the highest hardness value (55.74 HV) and the lowest density value (7.72 g/cm(3)). Also, Fe- and Ni-rich kappa intermetallic compounds were formed in the microstructure of the alloy. The wear tests showed that the alloy containing 5% Fe had the lowest weight loss and wear rate as well.Öğe Dry Sliding Wear Behaviours of Valve Seat Inserts Produced from High Chromium White Iron(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2015) Kalyon, Ali; Ozyurek, Dursun; Gunay, Mustafa; Aztekin, HasanIn this present study, wear behaviours of high chromium white iron valve seat inserts and tappets used in the automotive sector were investigated. Wear behaviours of three different rates of high chromium white cast irons (containing 10, 12 and 14% chromium) were examined under heavy service conditions. For that purpose, the produced valve seat inserts were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and hardness measurements. They were tested at a sliding speed of 1 ms(-1), under 120 N load and for six different sliding distances (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 m) by using a standard wear apparatus (pin-on-disk type). The result showed that as the amount of Cr increased in the alloys, their hardness decreased. The decrease in the hardness were considered to be as the result of transformation of M7C3 carbides into M23C6 carbides in the structure. This decrease in hardness with increasing chromium content also increased the weight loss. Thus, it was determined that the white iron with 14% Cr (which had a greater amount of M23C6 carbides) was subjected to the highest wear.Öğe Effect of ageing treatment on wear properties and electrical conductivity of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy(Indian Acad Sciences, 2011) Saglam, Ibrahim; Ozyurek, Dursun; Cetinkaya, KerimIn this study, the effect of ageing processes on the wear behaviour and electrical conductivity was investigated. Prior to solid solution heat treatment at 920 degrees C and ageing at 470 degrees C, 500 degrees C and 530 degrees C for 1 h, 2 h and 3 h, respectively, the prepared samples were homogenized at 920 degrees C for 1 h. After the ageing processes, all samples were characterized in terms of electrical conductivity, scanning electron microscope (with energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS)) and hardness (HV5). In wear tests, pin-on-disc type standard wearing unit was used. As a result, starting from 1 h aged specimens, orderly increase of electrical conductivity was defined. From EDS analyses it was observed that Cr rate increases as precipitates grow. With increase of Cr rate there was also a defined rise of electrical conductivity. From the wear tests, it was observed that the least wear loss was in Cu-Cr-Zr alloy aged at 500 degrees C for 2 h and the most wear loss was in specimens aged at 530 degrees C for 2 h. Furthermore, it was observed that the friction coefficient values resulting from wear rate were overlapped with hardness results and there is a decrease tendency of friction coefficient as wear distance increases.Öğe The Effect of Aging and Sliding Speed on Wear Behaviour of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy(Carl Hanser Verlag, 2013) Ozyurek, Dursun; Ciftci, Ibrahim; Tuncay, TanselIn this study, the sliding wear behaviour of non-aged and aged Cu-Cr-Zr alloy specimens were investigated. The specimens were aged for 2 h at the temperatures of 450 degrees C and 475 degrees C. Prior to the wear tests, microstructural examinations and hardness measurements were performed on all Cu-Cr-Zr alloy specimens. The wear tests were performed on a pin-on disk type wear apparatus at the sliding speeds of 0.5 ms(-1), 1.0 ms(-1) and 1.5 ms(-1) as well as under 40 N applied load. After the wear tests, the worn surfaces of all samples were analyzed by SEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The experimental results indicated that aging heat treatment led to increase in the hardness values of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys and the highest wear loss was observed for non-aged specimens. With increasing sliding speed, the wear loss increased to a maximum value beyond which it decreased.Öğe Effect of Al2O3 Nanoparticles as Reinforcement on the Wear Properties of A356/Al2O3 Nanocomposites Produced by Powder Metallurgy(Asme, 2022) Sunar, Talha; Ozyurek, DursunIn this study, microstructure and wear properties of A356 aluminum matrix nanocomposites reinforced with nano-Al2O3 particles were investigated. The powder metallurgy method was used for the production of 1 wt% and 2 wt% nano-Al2O3 particle reinforced nanocomposites. After 1 h of mechanical milling of A356 and nano-Al2O3 powders, green compacts were obtained by cold pressing. Green compacts were sintered at 550 degrees C in a vacuum environment (10(-6) mbar) for 1 h. Samples were characterized by density, hardness measurements, scanning electron microscopy investigations, and wear tests. As the reinforcement ratio increased, there was a decrease in the densities of the nanocomposites, as well as an increase in the porosity. The highest hardness and the lowest weight loss values were obtained in 1 wt% Al2O3 reinforced nanocomposites. A decrease in hardness was measured at 2 wt% Al2O3 reinforced nanocomposites.Öğe Effect of Alloying Time and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Mechanical Alloyed Cu-Al-Ni Shape Memory Alloy(Springer, 2023) Yavuzer, Bekir; Bicakci, Unal; Simsek, Dogan; Ozyurek, DursunIn this study, the effects of milling time and heat treatment on microstructure and wear behavior of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys produced by the mechanical alloying method were investigated. Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys were produced by mechanical alloying in four different durations (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 h) in a planetary-type mill. The produced Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys were characterized by microstructure (SEM + EDS), x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TG/DTA-DSC), and hardness, density, and dust size measurements. In the wear tests, three different loads (10, 20, and 30 N), five different sliding distances (400, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 m) and a sliding speed of 1 ms-1 were used. As a result of the studies, it was observed that the powder size decreased with the increase in MA time. It was observed that the density of heat-treated shape memory alloys decreased compared only to sintered alloys. According to the wear test, the lowest wear rate was obtained in Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys exposed to mechanical alloying for 7.5 h, with the highest hardness value. In addition, it was observed that the wear rates decreased in heat-treated Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys as the sliding distance increased.Öğe THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSER AND NON-DIFFUSER RUNNER SYSTEMS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A356 ALLOY(Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2013) Tuncay, Tansel; Tekeli, Suleyman; Ozyurek, DursunIn this study, runner systems which have equal cross-sectional area and different forms of cross-sectional diffuser and non-diffuser runner system's effects on mechanical properties of A356 aluminium alloy, depending on the movement of the liquid metal, were investigated. The aim of the study is to reduce casting defects due to inclusion caused by runner systems such as gas or shrinkage porosity. Therefore, the horizontal runners have been extended by using diffusers having cross-sectional area equivalent with a different cross-sectional shape (square, rectangular and circular outlet). Tensile test specimens were prepared from the plates of casting A356 alloy and tensile tests were performed. Obtained results were examined Weibull statistical analysis. As a result, one hand, it is observed that the turbulence effect on liquid metal has been decreased the highest tensile results and Weibull modulus has been appeared on the samples which have horizontal runners produced by using a square section diffuser in designed horizontal diffuser. On the other hand, according to Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis on fracture surfaces, fracture has been observed in the area of intermetallic secondary phases (oxides etc.) and in area with gas or shrinkage porosity.Öğe Effect of Milling Time on Dry Sliding Wear Behaviors of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Al Matrix Composites(Amer Scientific Publishers, 2020) Yildirim, Musa; Ozyurek, Dursun; Guru, MetinIn this study, the effect of mechanical milling time on microstructure, hardness and dry sliding wear behaviors of carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum matrix composites was investigated. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (amount of 1%) were added to gas atomized AA7075 alloy as a reinforcement material and it was mechanical milled five different times. Milled Al-CNTs composite powders were added in a steel mold and pre-formed by cold pressing and hot pressing. Pre-formed composites samples were sintered. Microstructures of produced samples were examined by Scanning electron microscope. Density and hardness values were measured 1 ms(-1) sliding speed, 30 N loads and five different sliding distances were used in dry sliding wear tests on pin on disc type wear apparatus. As a result of the studies, it was found that the particle size increased as the milling time increased. Powders milled for 100 min had the largest particle size, whereas powders milled for 120 min had a smaller particle size. The results indicated that composites mechanically milled for 120 min had both the highest hardness value and the lowest weight loss.Öğe Effect of niobium addition on the microstructure and wear properties of mechanical alloyed Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Yavuzer, Bekir; Turkmen, Mustafa; Bicakci, Unal; Ozyurek, DursunIn this study, the influence of the addition of Nb in varying amounts (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt.%) to Cu-14Al-4Ni shape memory alloy on the microstructure and wear behavior of the alloy was investigated. Cu-Al-Ni-xNb alloys were produced from elemental powders using the mechanical alloying (MA) method. The microstructures of the produced samples were examined using SEM + EDS and XRD, and density and hardness measurements were performed. For the wear tests of Cu-14Al-4Ni and alloys containing different amounts of Nb, a pin-on-disk type wear testing device was used with three different loads (10 N, 20 N, and 30 N) and five different sliding distances (400 m, 800 m, 1,200 m, 1,600 m, and 2000 m). As a result of the conducted research, it was determined that an increase in the Nb content resulted in a decrease in the average grain size and a more homogeneous grain size distribution. The highest hardness and density values were measured in the alloy with 2 wt.% Nb addition. In the wear tests, it was observed that the friction coefficients decreased with increasing load, and the lowest wear rate was achieved in the alloy with 2 wt.% Nb addition.Öğe Effect of Ti Content on Microstructure and Wear Performance of TZM Alloys Produced by Mechanical Alloying Method(Korean Inst Metals Materials, 2021) Sirali, Haktan; Simsek, Dogan; Ozyurek, DursunIn this study, changes in microstructure, hardness and wear performance of titanium-zirconium-molybdenum (TZM) alloys produced by mechanical alloying method with the addition of different amounts of titanium (Ti) were investigated. Mechanically alloyed powders were sintered at 1300 degrees C for 4 h under 10(-6) mbar vacuum environment. The produced alloys were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM + EDS), X-ray diffraction, grain size distribution, hardness and density measurements. In the wear tests, three different loads and five different sliding distances were used. Results showed that the produced TZM alloys were porous, and the pores in the alloys containing 0.40% and 0.45% Ti were generally located on the grain boundaries. In alloys containing 0.50% Ti, inside the grain the pore sizes increase, while in the alloy containing 0.55% Ti, the pore sizes in grain boundary decrease. Grain size distribution results show that as the Ti content increased, the amount of grain size over 6 mu m decreased and smaller than 6 mu m increased. Hardness and density results show that while the hardness of TZM alloys produced increases depending on Ti content, their density decreases. The highest hardness was obtained in the TZM alloy containing 0.55% Ti, while the lowest density was obtained in the same alloy. Wear test results show that the lowest weight loss was obtained in TZM alloy containing the highest amount of Ti (0.55%) under all loads. GraphicÖğe Effect of TiC Content on Wear Performance of A356 Matrix Composites at Different Temperatures(Springer, 2022) Simsek, Dogan; Ozyurek, Dursun; Salman, SerdarWith the developing technology, aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) are widely used in many system parts in the automotive industry. One of the most important parts is the friction materials used in the brake system operating at varying temperatures. This study examined the wear performance of aluminum matrix composites produced by adding different amounts of TiC to the A356 matrix at different temperatures. TiC in 4 different amounts (3, 6, 9, and 12 wt.%) and 2% graphite as a solid lubricant were added to the A356 alloy. The powders prepared in mentioned proportions were mechanically alloyed for 240 min using a planetary mill. The AMCs were sintered for 60 min at 550 degrees C in a 10(-6) mbar vacuum environment. Afterward, the AMCs prepared through standard metallographic processes (sanding with 200-100 mesh sandpaper and polishing with 1 mu m diamond solution) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM + EDS), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), as well as hardness and density measurements. Wear tests were carried out by adding a temperature module in accordance with the ASTM-G99 standard. The study results showed a homogeneous distribution of TiC particles in the structure. Measurements showed that the hardness and density of the composites improved as the amount of reinforcement phase in the matrix increased. The highest hardness (821 HV) and the highest density (2.803 g/cm(2)) values were established for the AMC with 12% of TiC. The wear tests demonstrated that the weight loss was lower with the increasing reinforcement phase in the matrix. As the test temperature increased, the weight loss of the composites became higher. At all temperatures, the lowest weight loss was recorded for the AMC with the added 12% TiC. The coefficient of friction also increased with the higher temperature.Öğe The Effects of Cr and Zr Additives on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of A356 Alloy(Springer India, 2020) Tuncay, Tansel; Ozyurek, Dursun; Dispinar, Derya; Tekeli, SuleymanThis study has investigated the effect of different amounts of Cr and Zr additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy modified with strontium. The microstructure and phase examination were performed using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and XRD analysis, whereas mechanical properties were investigated via tensile testing and hardness measurements. Two-dimensional Weibull distribution was used to determine the effect of Cr and Zr additions on mechanical properties of A356 alloy. It was found that the most significant effect of Cr and Zr added was over the morphology of Al-Si-Fe intermetallics. The addition of Cr and Zr led to the formation of Cr/Zr-based intermetallics in precipitates and fish-bone-like morphologies. It was observed that increasing the amount of Cr and Zr had resulted in an increase in ductility of A356.Öğe Effects of Different Heat Treatment Conditions on Fatigue Behavior of AA7075 Alloy(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2013) Fakioglu, Avni; Ozyurek, Dursun; Yilmaz, RamazanIn this study, the effect of different heat treatment processes applied to AA7075 alloys on the fatigue behavior was examined. The processes applied to AA7075 aluminum included annealing (O), high temperature pre-precipitating (HTPP), artificial aging (T6), retrogression and re-aging (RRA). The annealing heat treatment was performed for 2 hours at 500 degrees C and samples were cooled in the furnace. In the artificial aging (T6) process, after the samples were solution treated for 2 hours at 500 degrees C, they were quenched at room temperature and aged for 24 hours at 120 degrees C. In the retrogression and re-aging process, samples were solution treated for 1 hour at 220 degrees C after the T6 process and then re-aged for 24 hours at 120 degrees C. In the high temperature pre-precipitating, pre-precipitates were formed for 30 minutes at 450 degrees C and then, it was aged for 24 hours at 120 degrees C. All samples were characterized through the scanning electron microscope (SEM + EDS), hardness measurements and X-ray difraction (XRD) techniques. At the end of experimental studies, SEM and EDS examinations XRD results revealed that eta (MgZn2) phase formed in the microstructure following the HTTP, RRA and T6 heat treatment processes. As a result of the fatigue tests, the highest fatigue strength was measured in samples treated with artificial aging (T6), the lowest fatigue strength was measured in the annealed (O) samples.Öğe Effects of Different Solid Solution Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AA7075 Alloy After T6 Heat Treatment(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2019) Tekeli, Suleyman; Simsek, Ijlal; Simsek, Dogan; Ozyurek, DursunIn this study, the effect of solid solution temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of the AA7075 alloy after T6 heat treatment was investigated. Following solid solution at five different temperatures for 2 hours, the AA7075 alloy was quenched and then artificially aged at 120 degrees C for 24 hours. Hardness measurements, microstructure examinations (SEM+EDS, XRD) and tensile tests were carried out for the alloys. The results showed that the increased solid solution temperature led to formation of precipitates in the microstructures and thus caused higher hardness and tensile strength.Öğe The effects of Mg amount on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg alloys(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Yildirim, Musa; Ozyurek, DursunIn this study, the effects of magnesium (Mg) addition to A356 aluminum alloy at different amounts on the microstructure and mechanical properties of this alloy were examined. For the experimental studies, three different alloys (0.43, 0.67 and 0.86 wt%) having various amounts of Mg were prepared through casting process in the form of plates. The plates were homogenized and cooled in the furnace. All the samples were treated with aging process (T6) and then tensile samples were prepared from the homogenized samples. The samples treated with T6 process were characterized by optical microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) examinations as well as hardness measurements and tensile tests. The phases which were formed in the microstructures for different amounts of Mg were examined. It was observed that iron-rich intermetallic compounds were also formed in addition to the phases resulting from the aging process. Fe-rich intermetallic compounds, observed from the fracture surfaces, were found to reduce the tensile strength the alloy. The results also indicate that the tensile strength and hardness of the alloy increase with increasing Mg amount. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe The Effects of Molding Materials on Microstructure and Wear Behavior of A356 Alloy(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2017) Yildirim, Musa; Ozyurek, Dursun; Tuncay, TanselIn this study, the effect of molding materials on microstructure and wear behavior of A356 alloy was investigated. Different microstructures were obtained by casting A356 alloy into the molds made from three different materials. Homogenization and aging heat treatments were applied as cast blocks. The aged samples were tested by pin-on-disk-type standard wear equipment. The results showed that casting into different mold materials resulted in different microstructures of A356 alloy. Microstructures of the Al-Si-Mg alloy differ depending on the mold materials. Secondary dendrite arm space (SDAS) decreased proportionally with increasing cooling rate. Based on the cooling rate, hardness values of the alloy also differ. As the cooling rate increased, hardness of the alloy increased. The SDAS increased due to the decreasing cooling rate. In wear tests, increasing weight loss was observed with decreasing cooling rate.Öğe The Effects of Nanoparticle Reinforcement on the Micromilling Process of A356/Al2O3 Nanocomposites(Mdpi, 2023) Sunar, Talha; Parenti, Paolo; Tuncay, Tansel; Ozyurek, Dursun; Annoni, MassimilianoImproving scientific knowledge around the manufacturing of nanocomposites is key since their performance spreads across many applications, including those in meso/micro products. Powder metallurgy is a reliable process for producing these materials, but usually, machining postprocessing is required to achieve tight tolerances and quality requirements. When processing these materials, cutting force evolution determines the ability to control the microcutting operation toward the successful surface and part quality generation. This paper investigates cutting force and part quality generation during the micromilling of A356/Al2O3 aluminum nanocomposites produced via powder metallurgy. A set of micromilling experiments were carried out under various process parameters on nanocomposites with different nano-Al2O3 reinforcements (0-12.5 vol.%). The material's ductility, internal porosity, and lack of interparticle bonding cause the cutting force generation to be irregular when nanoparticle reinforcements were absent or small. Reinforcement ratios higher than 2.5 vol.% strongly affect the cutting process by regularizing the milling force generation but lead to a proportionally increasing average force magnitudes. Hardening due to nano-reinforcement positively affects cutting mechanisms by reducing the plowing tendency of the cutting process, resulting in better surface quality. Therefore, a threshold on the nano-Al2O3 particles' volumetric loadings enables an optimal design of these composite materials to support their micromachinability.
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