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    Current practices, potentials, challenges, future opportunities, environmental and economic assumptions for Turkiye's clean and sustainable energy policy: A comprehensive assessment
    (Elsevier, 2023) Agbulut, Umit; Yildiz, Gokhan; Bakir, Huseyin; Polat, Fikret; Bicen, Yunus; Ergun, Alper; Gurel, Ali Etem
    In today's world, most countries including Turkiye have met their electricity demand at a dominant rate by burning fossil-based fuels in thermal power plants. However, fossil-fuel reserves have been rapidly depleted, resulting in high volatility in these fuels' markets, as well as alarming environmental, and economic problems for the governments. In recent years, many governments have started to face these problems and have rapidly transitioned to renewable and alternative carbon-free energy sources in their electricity production variety. However, these belated steps have failed to mitigate the increment in global greenhouse gas emissions against the rapid growth of population and energy demand. In recent years, Turkiye has put a noteworthy challenge to mitigate its dominant use of fossil fuels, reducing its energy dependence, sustaining its economic development, and mitigating the carbon footprint. From this point of view, it is witnessed that many power plants have been established, many of them are currently under construction, especially to produce more electricity in a sus-tainable way. Accordingly, the present study aims to comprehensively discuss Turkiye's energy production policy, energy potential and reserves, challenges, future opportunities, and the impacts of the energy sector on the economic and environmental issues for the country. In this framework, it is well-noticed that the country's future energy production policy has been reasonably changed in order to achieve positive economic and envi-ronmental outcomes in the medium and long term.
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    Exergetic and exergoeconomic assessments of a diesel engine operating on dual-fuel mode with biogas and diesel fuel containing boron nitride nanoparticles
    (Springer, 2024) Uysal, Cuneyt; Agbulut, Umit; Topal, Halil Ibrahim; Karagoz, Mustafa; Polat, Fikret; Saridemir, Suat
    This study investigates the exergetic and exergoeconomic analyses of a diesel engine operated on dual-fuel mode with fuelled both diesel fuel-boron nitride nanofuel and biogas purchased commercially. The experiments were performed for diesel fuel, diesel + 100 ppm boron nitride nanoparticle, diesel + 100 ppm boron nitride nanoparticle + 0.5 L min-1 biogas, diesel + 100 ppm boron nitride nanoparticle + 1.0 L min-1 biogas and diesel + 100 ppm boron nitride nanoparticle + 2.0 L min-1 biogas at various engine loads (2.5 Nm, 5.0 Nm, 7.5 Nm, and 10.0 Nm) and fixed crankshaft speed of 1500 rpm. The obtained experimental data were used to realize exergetic and exergoeconomic analyses. Among the fuels considered in this study, diesel + 100 ppm boron nitride nanoparticle nanofuel had the best exergetic and exergoeconomic results. As a result, at engine load of 10 Nm, the exergy efficiency of test engine and specific exergy cost of crankshaft work were obtained to be 29.12% and 124.86 US$ GJ-1 for diesel + 100 ppm boron nitride nanoparticle nanofuel, respectively. These values were 27.35% and 125.19 US$ GJ-1 for diesel fuel, 25.50% and 141.92 US$ GJ-1 for diesel + 100 ppm boron nitride nanoparticle + 0.5 L min-1 biogas, 23.10% and 156.33 US$ GJ-1 for diesel + 100 ppm boron nitride nanoparticle + 1.0 L min-1 biogas, and 21.09% and 171.92 US$ GJ-1 for diesel + 100 ppm boron nitride nanoparticle + 2.0 L min-1 biogas, respectively. It is clear that biogas addition to combustion made worse the exergetic and exergoeconomic performances of test engine. As a conclusion, it can be said that diesel + 100 ppm boron nitride nanoparticle nanofuel can be used as alternative fuel to D100 in terms of exergy and exergoeconomics.
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    Experimental assessment of the influences of liquid-solid-gas fuel blends on DI-CI engine behaviors
    (Elsevier, 2022) Polat, Fikret; Yesilyurt, Murat Kadir; Agbulut, Umit; Karagoz, Mustafa; Saridemir, Suat
    This study aims to deeply investigate the effects of the boron nanoparticles reinforced diesel fuel along with various biogas (BG) flow rates (0.5, 1, and 2 L/min) on the engine performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. The tests were carried out using a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection, compression-ignition engine at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and under the varying engine loads from 2.5 to 10 Nm with gaps of 2.5 Nm. In the results, it is seen that EGT started to decrease in both the addition of boron nanoparticles and the addition of biogas compared to that of conventional diesel fuel (DF). EGT reduced by 8.6% for DF+Boron test fuel, 14.4% for DF+Boron+ 0.5 BG, 21% for DF+Boron+ 1 BG, and 23.4% for DF+Boron+ 2 BG. Compared to diesel fuel, CO, NOx, and HC emissions decreased with the addition of nanoparticles at all loads. However, as the amount of biogas increased, CO and HC emissions increased, but NOx emissions decreased. CO emission dropped by 22.2% for DF+Boron test fuel, however, increased to be 5.6%, 16.7%, and 36.1% for DF+Boron+ 0.5 BG, DF+Boron+ 1 BG, and DF+Boron+ 2 BG respectively. NOx emission reduced by 4.9%, 8.6%, 10.7%, and 14.8% for DF+Boron, DF+Boron+ 0.5 BG, DF+Boron+ 1 BG, and DF +Boron+ 2 BG respectively. In comparison to that of conventional DF, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) value decreased by 8.42% for DF+Boron test fuel due to high energy content of nanoparticles, but it increased by 10.94% for DF+Boron+ 0.5 BG, 28.01% for DF+Boron+ 1 BG, and 60.2% for DF+Boron+ 2 BG. In addition, brake thermal efficiency BTE value increased by 8.04% for boron-added test fuel, but it declined by 9.41% for DF+Boron+ 0.5 BG, 19.38% for DF+Boron+ 1 BG, and 32.2% for DF+Boron+ 2 BG as compared to that of DF. In the conclusion, it is noticed that the engine characteristics have worsened by the introduction of biogas into the cylinder, but these worsened characteristics can be improved with the presence of boron nitride nanoparticles. (c) 2022 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    An experimental assessment on dual fuel engine behavior powered by waste tire-derived pyrolysis oil - biogas blends
    (Elsevier, 2022) Karagoz, Mustafa; Polat, Fikret; Saridemir, Suat; Yesilyurt, Murat Kadir; Agbulut, Umit
    This paper is intended to investigate the usability of waste tire pyrolysis oil along with diesel and biogas dual fuel in the CI engines. In this framework, the waste tire chips are firstly pyrolyzed in the study, and then are volumetrically blended into the conventional diesel fuel (DF) at the ratio of 20%. The biogas flow rate changes as 0.5, 1, and 2 L/min when the engine is fuelled by P20 test fuel. Throughout the experiments, the engine runs at a fixed engine speed of 1500 rpm under 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 Nm. In the results, it is noticed that the unburnt emissions such as CO and HC considerably increases with the presence of pyrolysis oil and biogas in the cylinder due to the lack of oxygen and lower heating value of these fuels. However, the NOx firstly rises with the dieselpyrolysis oil blends by 2.21% but then pulls back with the introduction of biogas to the combustion chamber. It drops by 2.29%, 4.93%, and 11.14% for P20 + 0.5 BG, P20 + 1 BG, and P20 + 2 BG test fuels, respectively in comparison to that of DF. On the other hand, the engine performance worsens with the pyrolysis oil due to the lower energy content. Accordingly, the increment on BSFC is found to be 9.28%, 25.15%, 42.51%, and 67.68%, and the reduction on BTE is found to be 8.47%, 17.72%, 25.52%, and 33.48% for P20, P20 + 0.5 BG, P20 + 1 BG, and P20 + 2 BG test fuels, respectively. It is concluded that even if they worsen the engine performance and exhaust emissions, the burning of waste products in the forms of pyrolysis oil and biogas as fuel substitutions in CI engines seems a very promising way in terms of waste management, disposal the huge volume of waste products from the nature, and protection of rapidly depletion fossil fuel reserves.