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    Strontium and fluorine co-doped biphasic calcium phosphate: characterization and in vitro cytocompatibility analysis
    (Iop Publishing Ltd, 2017) Pourreza, Elmira; Alshemary, Ammar Z.; Yilmaz, Bengi; Rad, Reza Moonesi; Tezcaner, Aysen; Evis, Zafer
    Strontium (Sr2+) and fluoride (F-) ions are known to play an important role in bone and tooth metabolism. In this work, we prepare biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramics co-doped with different fractions of Sr2+ and F- ions to investigate the impact of dopant on the crystal structure and biological properties of BCP bioceramics. The materials were successfully synthesized using a wet precipitation method, followed by sintering at 1100 degrees C for 1 h. The sintered materials were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). XRD analysis revealed that the BCP bioceramics were composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), along with calcium oxide (CaO) as impurity. Furthermore, the percentage of beta-TCP tended to increase with an increase in the Sr2+ ion concentration. The lattice parameters of HA phase expanded along with incorporation of Sr2+ and F- ions. The morphology of the yielding materials demonstrated that the incorporation of Sr2+ and F- ions caused a decrease in the grain size. The Vickers hardness (HV) test showed that hardness values increased with increasing Sr2+ concentrations. In vitro cell culture tests were performed with human osteogenic sarcoma (Saos-2) cell line. Saos-2 cells attached and proliferated faster on Sr/F-BCP materials compared to pure BCP, showing that Sr/F-BCP materials were cytocompatible.