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    Caching Strategies for the Metaverse: Taxonomy, Open Challenges, and Future Research Directions
    (International Federation of Engineering Education Societies (IFEES), 2024) Mohammed, A.H.; Alaidaros, H.; Salleh, F.; Sajat, M.S.; Ramaha, N.; Habbal, A.
    The metaverse, which is considered to be the next evolutionary stage of the Internet, has captured the attention of both academia and industry. Its primary goal is to establish a shared 3D virtual space that interconnects all virtual worlds through the Internet. In this shared space, users are represented as digital avatars, enabling them to communicate, interact with each other, and engage with the virtual environment as if they were in the physical world. However, realizing the full potential of the metaverse poses significant challenges, such as the requirement for higher throughput compared to current social VR platforms and the need to minimize latency to just a few milliseconds to uphold a truly immersive user experience. Caching is a critical aspect of optimizing data access on the current Internet, and it is equally crucial for addressing similar challenges in Web 3.0 and the metaverse. This paper explores different caching strategies suggested to address these challenges on the current Internet and assesses their potential relevance to the metaverse. Caching strategies are categorized into three groups: web caching, mobile caching, and Internet of Things (IoT) caching. Recent solu-tions are then examined to determine their relevance to the metaverse. Finally, the paper discusses open research challenges and potential future research directions in this domain. © 2024 by the authors of this article.
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    Internet of Things Applications for Smart Campus
    (Universiti Utara Malaysia Press, 2021) Salleh, F.; Hassan, S.; Habbal, A.; Mkpojiogu, E.
    Internet of Things (IoT) provides a platform for sensors, devices and “things” (objects) to interface and communicate seamlessly within a smart environment. It enables a convenient sharing of information across platforms. In addition, wireless technologies and the opportunities offered by the Internet technology place IoT as the next revolutionary technology. IoT provides several benefits for a smart campus through the integration of things, connectivity and intelligent systems such as smart learning, smart library, smart sports complex, smart healthcare, smart water and waste management, and smart energy consumption, etc. In this paper, the Internet of Things (IoT) for smart campus was discussed conceptually. The paper examined the smart campus concept and services, and provided possible smart campus architecture. It showed the applications of IoT to smart campus, IoT usage on a smart campus environment and some open challenges facing IoT for smart campus and some possible way forward. © 2021 Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Internet Applications, Protocols and Services: Enduring Internet's Use and Growth in the Pandemic Era, NETAPPS 2020. All Rights Reserved.
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    Performance Analysis of Radio Access Technology Selection Mechanisms in Smart Airport Environment for 5G Network
    (Universiti Utara Malaysia Press, 2021) Salleh, F.; Hassan, S.; Habbal, A.
    Ultra-Dense Network (UDN) is the extreme densification of heterogeneous Radio Access Technology (RAT) that is deployed closely in a coordinated or uncoordinated manner. The densification of RAT forms an overlapping zone of signal coverage leading to frequent handovers among the RAT and degrading the system performance. Effective and proper consideration of RAT selection mechanisms is required to avoid the unnecessary handover among the RAT. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of selected multi-attribute decision-making mechanisms for RAT selection in investigating the need to choose a new RAT and further determine the best amongst the available ones. The evaluation of selection mechanisms consisted of three mechanisms which were Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR Method). Subsequently, an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was used to calculate the weighting for each criterion. The implications of the research are significant in providing reliable RAT selection within Dense Network, thus supporting heterogeneous RAT deployment in 5G networks. © 2021 Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Internet Applications, Protocols and Services: Enduring Internet's Use and Growth in the Pandemic Era, NETAPPS 2020. All Rights Reserved.