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    Effects of different soil cultivation methods on soil structure, soil-water balance, yield and quality in pistachio orchards
    (International Society for Horticultural Science, 2011) Bilim, H.I.C.; Sarpkaya, K.; Acar, I.; Tahtaci, S.A.; Aydin, Y.; Kalkanci, N.; Polat, R.
    This study was carried out in the years 2002-2007 at Fistiklik Farm, which is under the Pistachio Research Institute Directorate's in Dry Conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soil cultivation systems in pistachio orchards on yield, development, fruit quality characteristics, alien vegetation, the economy of mechanization in operation, and some soil physical properties. In addition, consumptions of fuel and time spent on equipment per unit area, were also determined. In the study, traditional methods applied by farmers as as well as 5 different methods of cultivation and plot design were established with three replications. Results showed that the traditional method's fuel consumption was the highest and working capacity was lower. With Traditional (farmer conditions) Soil Cultivation Methods at the T2 (Plough + Cultivator (in winter with the mouldboard plow a deep version + in spring with cultivator a superficial version+ Tapan) method was found approximately 64% lower. Similarly, during the period of study ofthe traditional and methods of soil cultivation, the T2 method showed approximately 65% and the T1method 31% Groopman. The T2 soil cultivation method retain the highest moisture in the soil. In terms of water conservation; the retention of moisture in the soil was observed to be 12.47% more on the T2 method than the traditional soil cultivation method applied by farmers. Economically, the T2 method achieved 10.2% higher earnings than the traditional soil cultivation method.
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    IDENTIFICATION OF GAEUMANNOMYCES SPECIES IN TURFGRASS AREAS AND CONTROLLING THE DISEASES BY SOME ENDOPHYLTES AS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
    (Aloki Applied Ecological Research And Forensic Inst Ltd, 2023) Unal, F.; Kurbetli, I.; Cavusoglu, A.; Sarpkaya, K.
    Take-all disease caused by Gaeumannomyces species bring about economic loses in turfgrass cereals. Surveys were conducted in turfgrass areas in Turkiye and isolations were done from the 318 samples which were taken from irregularly shaped chlorotic patches, and the roots of which are close to dark brown or black. As a consequence of the isolations, fourteen Gaeumannomyces spp. were isolated, and then identifications were performed with rDNA sequence analysis using primers ITS1 and ITS4. Comparison of the ITS sequences with the isolates in the GenBank database, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates belonged to Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, Gaeumannomyces californicus and Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus. As a result of the pathogenicity tests, virulence of G. graminis var. graminis and G. californicus isolates were higher than that of G. cylindrosporus. Disease severity rates caused by the isolates, as a result of in vitro trials were between 11.83-97.61%, and those in in vivo ranged from 3.70-89.64%. As a result of in vivo tests, it was detected that the most virulent isolate was G. graminis var. graminis numbered 732 followed by 966, 1345, 1369, 1385 and G. californicus numbered 1573, 1925. In this study, the effects of Chaetomium globosum, C. bostrychodes, Sordaria fimicola, Clonostachys rosea, Trichoderma harzianum and T. hamatum fungi, which were previously determined as endophyte species in turfgrass areas, against the most virulent species G. graminis var graminis, were also investigated. As a result of biological control studies, efficacy of C. globosum CG071, Chaetomium bostrychodes CB07-2, Trichoderma hamatum Tha34-2 and Trichoderma harzianum TH06-5 strains were found as 86.31%, 83.25%, 70.07, and 64.01% respectively. These strains were found promising in the biological control of 'take-all disease' caused by G. graminis var graminis in turfgrass areas.