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Comparative evaluation of the influence of waste vegetable oil and waste animal oil-based biodiesel on diesel engine performance and emissions
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet
In this study, the effect of biodiesel obtained from animal fats (AFBD) and vegetable biodiesel (VEBD) which is obtained from canola, safflower and waste vegetable oils by transesterification method on the performance and emissions of an air cooling, four stroke, single cylinder and direct injection compression ignition engine were investigated experimentally. In the experiments, five different fuels were used as D100 (0% Biodiesel + 100% Diesel), AFBD100 (0% Diesel + 100% Animal Biodiesel), VEBD100 (0% Diesel + 100% Vegetable Biodiesel), VEBD50 (50% Diesel + 50% Vegetable Biodiesel) and AFBD50 (50% Diesel + 50% Animal Biodiesel). As a result of the experiments, it has been determined that with the use of AFBD100 and VEBD100 fuels, the brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) value decreased while the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased. When analyzed in terms of exhaust emission results, the reduction of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emissions compared to D100 was determined by the use of AFBD100 and VEBD100 fuels, while an increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions occurred. When the graphs obtained from AFBD and VEBD fuels are examined, it is clearly seen that VEBD-containing fuel mixtures give better results in terms of both performance and emissions. Finally, if VEBD-containing fuels are compared within themselves, the VEBD50 is better in terms of performance, while VEBD100 has given better results in terms of emissions.
Comparison of the changes in diesel engine characteristics caused by the addition of 2-EHN cetane improver according to the use of diesel and second-generation biodiesel
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet; Simsek, Hatice
In this experimental study, the effects of animal biodiesel (AB) and diesel mixtures in different proportions and the addition of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) at different percentages (1%, 2%, and 3%) as a fuel additive to these mixtures were investigated in terms of performance and emission characteristics. According to the experimental results, the highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was obtained with 97 D + 3 2EHN as 26.99% at 3000 W engine load. At the same load, an increase of 7.58% was found compared to diesel fuel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values increased with the addition of 2EHN to the diesel, while the addition of 2EHN to the AB resulted in a decrease in BSFC. In general, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decreased for all fuels compared to diesel, except for 97AB + 3 2EHN fuel. The lowest CO and HC emissions were obtained with 97 D + 3 2EHN as 0.022% and 13 ppm, respectively. HC emissions decreased by 67.77% and 60.6%. On the other hand, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were obtained with the lowest pure diesel fuel, while the smoke emissions were obtained the lowest with AB-containing fuels.
Determination of a diesel engine operating parameters powered with canola, safflower and waste vegetable oil based biodiesel combination using response surface methodology (RSM)
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet
The primary objective of this study is to determine the optimum engine running parameters regarding the performance and emissions of diesel engine using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimization is utilized to maximize the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and minimize the exhaust gas temperature (EGT), smoke emission, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission and carbon dioxides (CO2) emission. The effects of different rates of biodiesel/diesel fuel blends were experimentally investigated on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a four-stroke, single cylinder, air cooled, direct injection diesel engine. A biodiesel combination involving of canola, safflower and waste vegetable oil mixtures made by transesterification was used. RSM was used to evaluate the usability of biodiesel in diesel engine. RSM model was formed by using experimental study data. Corresponding to the results taken from the optimization, best operating parameters of the engine were found to be 1484.85-watt engine load, 215.56 bar injection pressure with 25.79% biodiesel ratio. The optimum responses obtained under these operating conditions were found as 20.54%, 199.88 degrees C, 0.26%, 558.44 ppm and 4.52% for BTE, EGT, smoke, NOx and CO2, respectively. At the same time, R-2 (correlation coefficient) values were found as 99.81%, 99.36%, 98.84%, 98.31% and 99.00% for BTE, EGT, smoke, NOx and CO2, respectively. The results of this study showed that the RSM is a useful technique for estimating and optimizing the performance and emission values of a diesel engine powered with biodiesel.
Exergy, exergoeconomic, enviroeconomic, and sustainability index analysis of diesel engine fueled by binary combinations of diesel/waste animal fat biodiesel
(Springer, 2023) Simsek, Suleyman; Guruf, Gursah; Uslu, Samet; Simsek, Hatice
In this study, the exergy, exergoeconomic, enviroeconomic, and sustainability index analyzes of blends of biodiesel and diesel obtained from waste animal fats were examined. Within the scope of this study, the engine used in the experimental study has the features of a 3000-rpm fixed-speed four-stroke, single-cylinder, and air-cooled compression ignition engine. In addition, seven different fuels (D100 (0% Biodiesel + 100% Diesel), D90B10 (90% Diesel + 10% Animal Biodiesel), D80B20 (80% Diesel + 20% Animal Biodiesel), D70B30 (70% Diesel + 30% Animal Biodiesel), D50B50 (50% Diesel + 50% Animal Biodiesel), D25B75 (25% Diesel + 75% Animal Biodiesel), B100 (0% Diesel + 100% Animal Biodiesel)) were used in this study. The experiments were performed by loading the engine at 500 W intervals between 500 and 3000 W. As a result, the highest exergy efficiency was 24.86%, and obtained in D90B10 fuel at a 3000 W engine load. The lowest relative cost difference was 2.04, and obtained in D90B10 fuel at 3000 W engine load. The maximum sustainability index value was 1.98, and obtained in D90B10 fuel at a 3000 W engine load. In terms of enviroeconomics, while the cost of annual CO2 emission of all fuels is low at low engine loads, it increases as engine load increases. It is seen that D90B10 fuel is closest to D100 fuel at low engine loads. Their values are respectively 42.55 USD year(-1) and 43.22 USD year(-1).
Experimental study of the performance and emissions characteristics of fusel oil/gasoline blends in spark ignited engine using response surface methodology
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet
The principal aim of this study is to use fusel oil which is a waste product obtaining as by-product from the ethanol production processes of sugar factories as an alternative energy source to gasoline in a spark ignition (SI) engine. The secondary purpose of this research is to define the optimum operating parameters such as compression ratio (CR), load and fusel oil percentage concerning the performance and emissions of SI engine by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The tests of this research have been performed by several fusel oil-gasoline blends (0% and 30%), various CR (8.00, 8.50 and 9.12) and different engine load (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 and 6000-W). According to obtained data from experiments, the RSM optimization is employed to maximize brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and minimize the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbon emission (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). RSM study showed that, fusel oil percentage of 30% at 8.39 CR and 3777-Watt engine load are the optimum engine operating parameters. Moreover, the optimum responses with a high desirability of 0.7685 were 22.47%, 391.43 g/kWh, 188.86 ppm, 12.46%, 1.78% and 131.91 ppm for BTE, BSFC, NOx , CO2 , CO and HC emissions respectively. The results show that, RSM can help to estimate and optimize the optimum engine working parameters for improved the performance and emissions of engine with fewer tests. The outcomes stated future focus of similar research into optimization of fusel oil/gasoline fuel blends.
Experimental study on the ability of different biogas level dual fuel spark ignition engine: Emission mitigation, performance, and combustion analysis
(Edp Sciences S A, 2021) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet; Simsek, Hatice
The major aim of the research is to investigate the ability of biogas as an alternative fuel for gasoline-powered Spark Ignition (SI) engine. In this study, biogas/gasoline fuel mixtures containing different ratios of biogas, gasoline, and biogas were tested in an SI engine with an increased compression ratio at different engine loads and constant engine speed. According to the comparison with gasoline, the utilization of biogas generally decreased the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), while the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) rose. The lowest BTE and the highest BSFC were obtained with 100% biogas. Compared to gasoline, a decrease of 16.04% and an increase of 75.52% were observed, respectively. On the other hand, the use of biogas has improved all emissions. The best emission values were obtained with 100% biogas. Compared to gasoline, Carbon monOxide (CO), HydroCarbon (HC), and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions decreased by 56.42%, 63%, and 48.96%, respectively. Finally, according to the results of the combustion analysis, the peak pressures were reduced with the utilization of biogas, and the position of the peak pressure shifted by 2 degrees to 3 degrees Crank Angle (CA). Compared to gasoline, the lowest pressure was obtained with 100% biogas, resulting in a reduction of approximately 24.69%.
Impact of a novel fuel additive containing boron and hydrogen on diesel engine performance and emissions
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2021) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet; Sahin, Mukerrem; Arli, Fatih; Bilgic, Gulbahar
In this study, diesel fuel was enriched with hydrogen and boron, which are used as environmentally friendly energy sources in recent years. A special fuel additive (octamix) was obtained by mixing ethanol, ammonia boron and trioctyl borate and the effects of octamix-diesel fuel blends on diesel engine responses were analyzed at different engine loads (from 500 W to 3000 W) and a constant engine speed (3000 rpm). Test fuels were prepared by adding 0.5% (0.5 OCT-D), 1% (1 OCT-D), 2% (2 OCT-D) and 3% (3 OCT-D) octamix into the diesel (100D) by volume. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased while brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreased with increasing octamix up to 1% percentage. With 1 OCT-D fuel, the maximum BTE was achieved as 26.2% at 3000 W load, while the minimum BSFC was 180 g/kWh at 2500 W load. An increase of 3.19% and a decrease of 18.18% were achieved, respectively, compared to the 100D. On the other hand, nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke emissions have been reduced by up to 1% octamix percentage. Compared to the 100D, a decrease of 15.66%, 46.67%, 23.63%, 24.24%, and 10.71% was achieved, respectively.
Improvement of Fusel Oil Features and Effect of Its Use in Different Compression Ratios for an SI Engine on Performance and Emission
(Mdpi, 2020) Simsek, Suleyman; Saygin, Hasan; Ozdalyan, Bulent
In this study, the effects of the use of improved fusel oil on engine performance and on exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine were investigated experimentally in consideration of the water, gum, and moisture content at high compression ratios according to TS EN 228 standards. In the study, a four-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled, spark plug ignition engine with an 8/1 compression ratio was used at three different compression ratios (8/1, 8.5/1, 9.12/1). Experiments were performed for six different ratios of fuel blends (F0, F10, F20, F30, F40, and F50) at a constant speed and different loads. The data obtained from the experiments were compared with the original operating parameters of the engine while using gasoline. According to the test results, the optimal engine performance was at a 9.12/1 compression ratio and with a F30 fuel blend. With the increase from an 8/1 to 9.12/1 compression ratio for the F30 fuel blend, the overall efficiency increased by 6.91%, and the specific fuel consumption decreased by 2.35%. The effect of the optimum fusel blend on the emissions was also examined and CO emissions were reduced by 36.82%, HC emissions were reduced by 23.07%, and NOx emissions were reduced by 15.42%, while CO2 emissions were increased by 13.88%.
Improvement of the Properties of Sugar Factory Fusel Oil Waste and Investigation of its Effect on the Performance and Emissions of Spark Ignition Engine
(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2019) Simsek, Suleyman; Ozdalyan, Bulent; Saygin, Hasan
The effects of using blends of unleaded gasoline and refined fusel oil on engine performance and exhaust emissions were analyzed. Prior to the experiment, the fusel oil, which is the final waste product of the sugar factory, was developed to have the chemical properties that can be used in internal combustion engines by removing water and gum contained therein. A four-stroke, single-cylinder, spark-ignition engine was used for the experiments. The tests were conducted at a fixed speed and under different loads. The test fuels were blended with fusel oil contents of 5%, 15%, and 30%. Under each load, the engine's performance and emissions were measured. Throughout the experiments, it was observed that engine torque and fuel consumption increased as the amount of fusel oil in the blend increased. Nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were reduced as the amount of fusel oil in the blends increased.
Improvements to the Composition of Fusel Oil and Analysis of the Effects of Fusel Oil-Gasoline Blends on a Spark-Ignited (SI) Engine's Performance and Emissions
(Mdpi, 2018) Simsek, Suleyman; Ozdalyan, Bulent
With the increase of energy needs and environmental pollution, alcohol-based alternative fuels are used in spark-ignited (SI) engines. Fusel oil, which is a by-product obtained through distillation of ethanol, contains some valuable alcohols. As alcohols are high-octane, they have an important place among the alternative fuels. Fusel also takes its place among those alternatives as it is high-octane and low on exhaust emissions. In this research, the effects of using blends of unleaded gasoline and improved fusel oil on engine performance and exhaust emissions were analyzed experimentally. A four-stroke, single-cylinder, spark-ignited engine was used in the experiments. The tests were conducted at a fixed speed and under different loads. The test fuels were blended supplying with fusel oil at rates incremented by 10%, up to 50%. Under each load, the engine's performance and emissions were measured. Throughout the experiments, it has been observed that engine torque and specific fuel consumption increases as the amount of fusel oil in the blend is increased. Nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are reduced as the amount of fusel oil in the blends is increased.
Improving the combustion process by determining the optimum percentage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) via response surface methodology (RSM) in a spark ignition (SI) engine running on gasoline-LPG blends
(Elsevier, 2021) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet; Simsek, Hatice; Uslu, Gonca
In the current research, it is aimed to determine the optimum ratio of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to be used efficiently in terms of performance and emissions in a spark-ignition (SI) engine running on gasoline-LPG blends with response surface methodology (RSM). To create the RSM model, LPG and engine load were selected as input variables, while performance and emission responses affected by input variables were selected as brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrocarbon (HC). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) supported RSM analysis was performed according to the selected factors and responses, it was found that LPG had a significant effect on all responses. Moreover, it was concluded that BSFC and BTE are the most affected responses to LPG ratio change. Also, according to the optimization results, the optimum factor levels were determined as 35% and 2400 W for LPG and engine load, respectively. According to the verification study, the maximum error between the experimental results and the optimization results was found as 3.75%. As a result, it is concluded that the SI engine fueled with LPG can be successfully modeled with low error rates by using RSM.
Investigation of the effects of biodiesel/2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) fuel blends on diesel engine performance and emissions by response surface methodology (RSM)
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet
In this study, the effect of biodiesel (97%, 98%, 99% and 100%) which is a mixture of canola, safflower and waste vegetable oil blends completed with transesterification and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) (3%, 2%, 1% and 0%) on compression ignition engine performance and emissions were examined experimentally and by response surface methodology (RSM). Engine experiments were carried out at four different engine loads (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000-W) with biodiesel/EHN fuel blends obtained with different mixing ratios. According to the results obtained from the experiments, RSM model was created. Biodiesel ratio, EHN percentage and load are chosen as input factors, while brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and smoke emissions are selected as response parameters to be examined. In the created RSM, Box-Behnken design (BBD) type was chosen with three number of continuous factors. ANOVA supported Pareto charts were created and it was determined how effective the selected input factors are. The optimum values of the engine parameters were biodiesel percentage of 100%, EHN percentage of 1.1% and, load of 1515-W. According to optimum input parameters, the optimum responses of BTE, BSFC, NOx, CO, HC and smoke were 19.782%, 385.790 g/kWh, 436.951 ppm, 0.0272%, 33.639 ppm and 0.167%, respectively. The obtained outcomes demonstrate that the RSM can be effectively utilized for optimizing compression ignition engine performance and exhaust emissions powered by biodiesel/EHN combines by saving time and reducing engineering effort.
Investigation of the impacts of gasoline, biogas and LPG fuels on engine performance and exhaust emissions in different throttle positions on SI engine
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet
In this study, experiments have been carried out with the use of gasoline, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), and biogas fuels in different volumetric percentages in a single cylinder, four strokes, spark ignition (SI) engine with different throttle position. In experiments, data were compared which were obtained by using gasoline, biogas and LPG; brake thermal efficiency (BTE), cylinder pressures, mean gas temperature (MGT), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. According to the results, with the use of biogas and LPG in the full throttle opening (FTO), a 75.52% and 34.19% increase in the BSFC was determined compared to the use of gasoline, while a 16.04% and 8.95% reduction in the BTE was determined. On the other hand, with the use of biogas and LPG, a decrease of 15% and 62.03% in CO emissions, 23% and 63% decrease in HC emissions, 6.77% and 56.42% decrease in CO2 emissions were detected compared to gasoline. In the half throttle opening (HTO), BSFC increased by 85.2% and 45.51%, while BTE decreased by 33.43% and 20.22%. In addition, a decrease of 15.97% and 47.65% on CO emissions, 21.19% and 62.38% HC emissions, 6.84% and 69.54% CO2 emissions were detected. In terms of cylinder pressure value, with biogas and LPG, cylinder pressures decreased about 17.76% and 24.41%, respectively. On the other hand, compared to the gasoline, MGT increased with the use of LPG and decreased by the usage of biogas.
Multi-objective-optimization of process parameters of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel/2-ethylhexyl nitrate by using Taguchi method
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet; Simsek, Hatice; Uslu, Gonca
In this investigation, the effects of fuel mixtures prepared using different proportions of biodiesel (99.5%, 98.5% & 97.5%) and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) (0.5%, 1.5% & 2.5%) on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine were investigated at different loads (2000, 2500 & 3000 W). Experiments were designed using Taguchi with L-27 orthogonal array (OA), and the load, % blends of EHN and % blends of biodiesel with three levels of each were taken as control parameters. Also, optimization has been performed to obtain the best combination of control parameters to optimize the response characteristics such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke. Optimization analysis revealed that biodiesel ratio of 99.2%, EHN ratio of 1.3%, and the load of 2300 W were the optimum results for the best performance and emission values. The optimum responses according to the optimum parameters determined as 25.05%, 781.248 g/kWh, 0.085%, 20.30 ppm, 632.72 ppm, and 0.257% for BTE, BSFC, CO, HC, NOx, and smoke, respectively. The maximum error of 9.42% obtained from the validation between the optimization results and the experimental results reveals that the findings of this investigation are acceptable. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A novel approach to study the effect of motor silk-added pyrolysis tire oil on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet; Costu, Ramazan
In this experimental study, the usability of pyrolyzed tire oil (PRO) supplemented with motor silk (MS) as an alternative fuel for diesel engines was evaluated. For this purpose, PRO, euro diesel (ED) and MS were tried in a single cylinder engine by mixing in different proportions as standard diesel fuel (ED100), EPRO10 (10% PRO + 90% ED), EPRO20, EPRO30, EPRO10MS1 (1% MS + 99% EPRO10), EPRO20MS1 and EPRO30MS1 fuels with different loads (500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500-Watt) and at constant engine speed (3600 rpm). With the data obtained from the experiments, engine performance and exhaust emission values were examined and compared. According to the results of the experiment, it was determined that the addition of 30% PRO into the ED increases the exhaust emissions and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) without any change in the engine fuel system. With the addition of MS, an average of 9% reduction was achieved in BSFC values in all fuels. In the case of working with EPROMS fuels, it has been determined that emissions of smoke, hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) are decreased, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are increased. Compared to the EPRO30 fuel, the EPRO30MS1 test fuel released an average of 23.561% less HC emission. The highest NOx emission value was determined as 285 ppm at 1500-W load with EPRO20MS1. According to the experimental results, it was observed that the use of MS increased the brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) values and decreased BSFC values. The increase in the BTHE values of EPRO10MS1 was found to be approximately 2.184% when the average of all loads was compared to the engine reference fuel (ED100).
Proportional impact prediction model of animal waste fat-derived biodiesel by ANN and RSM technique for diesel engine
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet; Simsek, Hatice
Instead of many experimental studies made for the suitability of biodiesel for use in diesel engine, it has become easier to determine by fewer experiments with the development of computer applications. In this research, it was aimed to determine the optimum ratio of animal waste fat biodiesel (AWFBD) and the corresponding engine responses by using artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, a comparison was made with test results to evaluate the performance of ANN and RSM. According to the regression results obtained from RSM, absolute fraction of variance (R-2) values greater than 0.95 emerged for all answers. Correlation coefficient (R) values obtained from ANN were found to be higher than 0.97. The developed ANN model was able to predict engine responses with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in the range of 3.787-10.730%. MAPE values for RSM were obtained between 2.004 and 11.461%. Combined desirability factor obtained from RSM was found as 0.72288% and optimum engine parameters were found as 22% AWFBD ratio and 1350-Watt engine load. In addition, according to the verification test between the optimum results and the prediction results, it was concluded that there is a good agreement with a maximum error rate of 3.863%. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Response surface methodology-based parameter optimization of single-cylinder diesel engine fueled with graphene oxide dosed sesame oil/diesel fuel blend
(Elsevier, 2022) Simsek, Suleyman; Uslu, Samet; Simsek, Hatice
In this study, an experimental study was carried out to determine the effects of adding different amounts of graphene oxide (GO) on engine characteristics to a single-cylinder diesel engine operating with 30% sesame oil (SO) + 70% diesel fuel mixture. After that, an optimization was carried out with response surface methodology (RSM) to determine optimum operating conditions at different engine loads. Experimental results showed that GO nanoparticle is a good addition for diesel-biodiesel blends to enhance the performance and reduce emissions. The most appropriate amount of GO is between 75 ppm and 100 ppm for the performance characteristics. The optimal amount of GO for power is 75 ppm, while for brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) it is 100 ppm. In addition, the maximum GO amount of 100 ppm is the most suitable for carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC), and 75 ppm GO amount is the most appropriate for nitrogen oxides (NOx). On the other hand, optimization results revealed that 100 ppm GO at 1950 W load was optimum conditions for all responses. The responses that emerged under optimum conditions were 1746.77 W, 968.73 g/ kWh, 259.8 0C, 0.0603%, 23.13 ppm and 185.61 ppm for power, BSFC, EGT, CO, HC, and NOx, respectively. According to the validation study, the error between the optimum and experimental results is 4.69% maximum. According to the findings of study, it can be concluded that the RSM model can successfully model a singlecylinder diesel engine and thus save time, and money.
RSM modeling of different amounts of nano-TiO2 supplementation to a diesel engine running with hemp seed oil biodiesel/diesel fuel blends
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Uslu, Samet; Simsek, Suleyman; Simsek, Hatice
In this study, experiments were performed on a single-cylinder diesel engine to define the optimum nanoparticle ratio using the response surface methodology. The experimental fuels used were a mixture of hemp seed oil biodiesel (30% by volume) and diesel (70% by volume) mixed with titanium dioxide nanoparticles at various amounts (25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm). The addition of 100 ppm titanium dioxide increased brake thermal efficiency by 29.65% and decreased brake specific fuel consumption by 5.16%. Furthermore, the addition of titanium dioxide up to 50 ppm reduced hydrocarbon emission by 12.07%, and up to 75 ppm reduced the carbon monoxide by 40.15%. In contrast, the titanium dioxide caused an average of 27% increase in nitrogen oxide emissions. On the other hand, the optimum titanium dioxide ratio and engine load were determined as 75 ppm and 2000 W, respectively. Under these conditions, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide, and smoke emissions are 27.942%, 1081.51 g/kWh, 0.057%, 40.293 ppm, 257.3742 ppm, and 0.7064%, respectively. Optimum results were achieved with an overall high desirability value of 0.7665. A good harmony among the experimental and estimated response values demonstrates the acceptability of the developed models.

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