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    An artificial intelligence proposal to automatic teeth detection and numbering in dental bite-wing radiographs
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Yasa, Yasin; Celik, Ozer; Bayrakdar, Ibrahim Sevki; Pekince, Adem; Orhan, Kaan; Akarsu, Serdar; Atasoy, Samet
    Objectives Radiological examination has an important place in dental practice, and it is frequently used in intraoral imaging. The correct numbering of teeth on radiographs is a routine practice that takes time for the dentist. This study aimed to propose an automatic detection system for the numbering of teeth in bitewing images using a faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) method. Methods The study included 1125 bite-wing radiographs of patients who attended the Faculty of Dentistry of Eskisehir Osmangazi University from 2018 to 2019. A faster R-CNN an advanced object identification method was used to identify the teeth. The confusion matrix was used as a metric and to evaluate the success of the model. Results The deep CNN system (CranioCatch, Eskisehir, Turkey) was used to detect and number teeth in bitewing radiographs. Of 715 teeth in 109 bite-wing images, 697 were correctly numbered in the test data set. The F1 score, precision and sensitivity were 0.9515, 0.9293 and 0.9748, respectively. Conclusions A CNN approach for the analysis of bitewing images shows promise for detecting and numbering teeth. This method can save dentists time by automatically preparing dental charts.
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    Deep-learning approach for caries detection and segmentation on dental bitewing radiographs
    (Springer, 2022) Bayrakdar, Ibrahim Sevki; Orhan, Kaan; Akarsu, Serdar; Celik, Ozer; Atasoy, Samet; Pekince, Adem; Yasa, Yasin
    Objectives The aim of this study is to recommend an automatic caries detection and segmentation model based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithms in dental bitewing radiographs using VGG-16 and U-Net architecture and evaluate the clinical performance of the model comparing to human observer. Methods A total of 621 anonymized bitewing radiographs were used to progress the Artificial Intelligence (AI) system (CranioCatch, Eskisehir, Turkey) for the detection and segmentation of caries lesions. The radiographs were obtained from the Radiology Archive of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology of the Faculty of Dentistry of Ordu University. VGG-16 and U-Net implemented with PyTorch models were used for the detection and segmentation of caries lesions, respectively. Results The sensitivity, precision, and F-measure rates for caries detection and caries segmentation were 0.84, 0.81; 0.84, 0.86; and 0.84, 0.84, respectively. Comparing to 5 different experienced observers and AI models on external radiographic dataset, AI models showed superiority to assistant specialists. Conclusion CNN-based AI algorithms can have the potential to detect and segmentation of dental caries accurately and effectively in bitewing radiographs. AI algorithms based on the deep-learning method have the potential to assist clinicians in routine clinical practice for quickly and reliably detecting the tooth caries. The use of these algorithms in clinical practice can provide to important benefit to physicians as a clinical decision support system in dentistry.
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    An enhanced tooth segmentation and numbering according to FDI notation in bitewing radiographs
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Tekin, Buse Yaren; Ozcan, Caner; Pekince, Adem; Yasa, Yasin
    Bitewing radiographic imaging is an excellent diagnostic tool for detecting caries and restorations that are difficult to view in the mouth, particularly at the molar surfaces. Labeling radiological images by an expert is a labor-intensive, time-consuming, and meticulous process. A deep learning-based approach has been applied in this study so that experts can perform dental analyzes successfully, quickly, and efficiently. Computer-aided applications can now detect teeth and number classes in bitewing radiographic images automatically. In the deep learning-based approach of the study, the neural network has a structure that works according to regions. A region-based automatic segmentation system that segments each tooth using masks to help to assist analysis as given to lessen the effort of experts. To acquire precision and recall on a test dataset, Intersection Over Union value is determined by comparing the model's classified and ground-truth boxes. The chosen IOU value was set to 0.9 to allocate bounding boxes to the class scores. Mask R-CNN is a method that serves as instance segmentation and predicts a pixel-to-pixel segmentation mask when applied to each Region of Interest. The tooth numbering module uses the FDI notation, which is widely used by dentists, to classify and number dental items found as a result of segmentation. According to the experimental results were reached 100% precision and 97.49% mAP value. In the tooth numbering, were obtained 94.35% precision and 91.51% as an mAP value. The performance of the Mask R-CNN method used has been proven by comparing it with other state-of-the-art methods.
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    Numbering teeth in panoramic images: A novel method based on deep learning and heuristic algorithm
    (Elsevier - Division Reed Elsevier India Pvt Ltd, 2023) Karaoglu, Ahmet; Ozcan, Caner; Pekince, Adem; Yasa, Yasin
    Dental problems are one of the most common health problems for people. To detect and analyze these problems, dentists often use panoramic radiographs that show the entire mouth and have low radiation exposure and exposure time. Analyzing these radiographs is a lengthy and tedious process. Recent studies have ensured dental radiologists can perform the analyses faster with various artificial intelligence sup-ports. In this study, the numbering performance of Mask R-CNN and our heuristic algorithm-based method was verified on panoramic dental radiographs according to the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) system. Ground-truth labelling of images required for training the deep learning algorithm was performed by two dental radiologists using the web-based labelling software DentiAssist created by the first author. The dataset was created from 2702 anonymized panoramic radio-graphs. The dataset is divided into 1747, 484, and 471 images, which serve as training, validation, and test sets. The dataset was validated using the k-fold cross-validation method (k = 5). A three-step heuristic algorithm was developed to improve the Mask R-CNN segmentation and numbering results. As far as we know, our study is the first in the literature to use a heuristic method in addition to traditional deep learning algorithms in detection, segmentation and numbering studies in panoramic radiography. The experimental results show that the mAp (@IOU = 0.5), precision, recall and f1 scores are 92.49%, 96.08%, 95.65% and 95.87%, respectively. The results of the learning-based algorithm were improved by more than 4%. In our research, we discovered that heuristic algorithms could improve the accuracy of deep learning-based algorithms. Our research will significantly reduce dental radiologists' workload, speed up diagnostic processes, and improve the accuracy of deep learning systems.(c) 2022 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).