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Öğe Bonding strength of oak with different adhesives after humid-water-heat tests(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2014) Yorur, Huseyin; Kurt, Seref; Uysal, BurhanettinComposite materials manufactured from wood with different adhesives are being used increasingly in the construction of furniture frames and buildings. In this study, it is aimed to describe the effects of adhesives (PVAc, VTKA and UF) on white oak cut tangentially and radially impregnated with Protim WR 230, CCA, and Celcure AC 500 and exposed to humid-water-heat resistance and heating and cooling tests. Impregnation chemicals have decreased the bonding strength, and control samples gave higher bonding strength value. According to the control samples, it can be said that humid-resistance test, water-resistance test, heat-resistance test have decreased the bonding strength. As a result of the tests, white oak cut tangentially and impregnated with Protim WR 230 and bonded with VTKA adhesive can be used as a material in damp condition where the strength is required.Öğe The Effect of Aging on Various Physical and Mechanical Properties of Scotch Pine Wood Used in Construction of Historical Safranbolu Houses(Zagreb Univ, Fac Forestry, 2014) Yorur, Huseyin; Kurt, Seref; Yumrutas, H. IbrahimWood has been a favourite construction material since the ancient times because of its natural beauty and excellent properties, such as high specific strength, heat insulation and ease of handling and processing. It was also used in Safranbolu, where Turkish Ottoman civil architectural samples have been carefully protected and preserved without losing their originality. It was inscribed to The World Heritage List by UNESCO in 1994. In this study, density, Brinell hardness and compression strength perpendicular to the grain of Scotch pine (Pinus Sylvestris Lipsky.) wood, from the floor joist of 10 different demolished historical Safranbolu houses for 10 different years, were determined and compared with those of wood from freshly cut trees. The highest decrease in compression strength perpendicular to the grain of salvaged Scotch pine wood used as floor joist for 210 years was nearly 27 percent lower than those of wood from freshly cut Scotch pine. The results indicate that the physical properties, Brinell hardness and compression strength perpendicular to the grain of the Scotch pine wood were significantly affected by the 210-year service life.Öğe The effect of steam treatment on bonding strength of impregnated wood materials(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2013) Uysal, Burhanettin; Yorur, HuseyinIn wood materials, the species of wood, its humidity, and the type of the adhesive have an important role to make the wood material durable for a long period both in inner space and outer space. In this study, it is aimed to determine the resistance characteristics of adhesive using different impregnation chemicals and different types of adhesives before and after steam treatment. In this study, beech and poplar as wood materials; mixture of Protim-WR 235, Tanalith-C, and Celcure-AC 500 as impregnation materials; and poly vinyl acetate (PVAc), urea formaldehyde (UF), and desmodur vinyl trie ketonol acetate (D-VTKA), resistant to water, as adhesives materials were used. All samples were kept in a steaming equipment for 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96h, afterwards the maximum force of the samples were measured for each waiting period, and then their bonding strength was determined. According to the results of the study, beech control samples had higher strength than poplar control samples. Control samples bonded with D-VTKA is the least affected one compared to all original control samples in the steam test. D-VTKA can be offered as the proper adhesive for humid places. The results also showed that Tanalith-C is the least affecting impregnation material on the bonding strength.Öğe The effects of different variables on the direct screw withdrawal strength in plywood(Kastamonu Univ, 2017) Yorur, Huseyin; Tor, Onder; Gunay, Muhammed Nuri; Birinci, EmreAim of study: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the pilot-hole, screw type, screwing direction, water soak and adhesive on the screw withdrawal strength in plywood. Material and Methods: Testing blocks were cut from 18-mm-thick beech plywood and were sized to 50 mm x 50 mm according to TS EN 13446 standards. Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and polyurethane (PU) as adhesives were injected into predrilled holes (80% of the screw major diameter). Two types of screws (3.5 mm and 4 mm in diameter) were inserted in perpendicular (face) and parallel (edge) to the surface of blocks. Half of the blocks were immersed in water for 2 hours before the screw withdrawal test. The results were analyzed and interpreted by statistical analysis. Main results: The results indicated that the screw withdrawal strength perpendicular to the surface is higher than that the one parallel to the surface. The testing blocks with PU specimens in pilot-hole showed higher screw withdrawal strength than the blocks with PVAc. The screw withdrawal strength was lower when blocks were immersed in water. It was also found that the screw withdrawal strength increases, as the screw major diameter increases. Research highlights: It was concluded that applying PU in pilot-holes before driving screw into plywood significantly affected screw withdrawal performance.Öğe EFFECTS OF FACTORS ON DIRECT SCREW WITHDRAWAL RESISTANCE IN MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD AND PARTICLE-BOARD(Univ Bio-Bio, 2020) Yorur, Huseyin; Birinci, Emre; Gunay, M. Nuri; Tor, OnderAn increase in demand on solid wood that is insufficient supply to meet in the world necessarily directed to other engineering materials that could be an alternative to the solid wood. In this context, instead of using solid wood in furniture and construction industry, wood-based panels such as medium density fiberboard (MDF) and particleboard (PB) have become widely used as construction material. Limited research has been done in the field of fastener performance as mechanical properties with different parameters in the joints constructed with these panels. Therefore, in this study. the parameters of screw type, pilot hole, screw orientation, water treatment and adhesives were investigated in MDF and PB. The results indicated that the highest direct screw withdrawal (DSW) resistance was observed in the test blocks applied with PU and the lowest DSW resistance was in the test blocks without a pilot hole drilled in both materials. In addition, MDF in general had better DSW resistance than PB in almost all combinations of the parameters. The treatment of water into MDF and PB test blocks negatively affects the DSW resistance. The DSW resistance in the face orientation was found to be higher than the corresponding ones in the side orientation in both materials.Öğe Effects of Filler Type and Content on the Mechanical, Morphological, and Thermal Properties of Waste Casting Polyamide 6 (W-PA6G)-based Wood Plastic Composites(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2021) Hircin, Belgin Seker; Yorur, Huseyin; Mengeloglu, FatihCast polyamide 6 (PA6G), trade name Castamide, is a semi-crystalline polymer widely used in the engineering plastics industry. There is a need to recycle valuable waste (W)-PA6G generated during part manufacturing of this polymer (approximately 30%). This study attempts to utilize W-PA6G in the manufacture of wood-plastic composites as a polymeric matrix. The effect of lignocellulosic filler type (FT) and filler content (FC) on the mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of W-PA6G-based composites were investigated. During manufacturing, N-butyl benzene sulfonamide (N-BBSA) and lithium chloride (LiCl) were utilized as a plasticizer and a melt temperature-lowering salt, respectively. The rice husk (RH) and Uludag fir wood flour (WF) filled W-PA6G-based composites were successfully manufactured using a combination of extrusion and injection molding. Compared to RH filled composites, WF filled composites provided better tensile and flexural properties (both strength and modulus) at 20% and 30% filler contents. Morphological study showed the nonhomogeneous distribution of fillers in the polymeric matrix. Lignocellulosic filler resulted in reduced melting temperature and crystallinity of W-PA6G-based composites. This reduction was more pronounced in RH filled composites.Öğe Evaluation of renewable hybrid barriers in terms of carbon emission with concrete and steel barriers(Istanbul Univ-Cerrahpasa, 2021) Birinci, Emre; Yorur, Huseyin; Yumrutas, H. Ibrahim; Duyar, AhmetRoadside barriers called as passive safety systems are presently produced from various materials such as steel, concrete, wood, and plastic. Existing roadside barriers have prioritized safety over aesthetics and environmental concerns. To this end, a new environmental barrier-the renewable hybrid barrier (RHB)-has been designed that can fulfill safety requirements as well as add value in terms of aesthetics. Sand is placed inside the barrier, and the barrier's outer shell is covered by fir timber. A life cycle analysis was completed to ensure the sustainable production of RHBsand to better understand their environmental impacts. The amount of greenhouse gas emitted into nature during the production of RHB and steel and concrete barriers was calculated and compared. Our results showed that concrete and steel barrier production releases approximately 4.5 times more greenhouse gases than RHB production. The live biomass equivalent of the wood materials used in RHB production was also calculated. We found that RHBs sequestrated 45.94 kg-CO(2)eq. It is thought that more widespread use of RHBs can contribute positively to the environment and nature.Öğe Improving Impregnation and Penetration Properties of Refractory Woods Through Cryogenic Treatment(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2018) Yorur, Huseyin; Kayahan, KadirCryogenic treatment via liquid nitrogen (LN) was evaluated as a means to improve the capability of impregnation and penetration in fir and spruce wood. There are a few vital problems that occur during the impregnation process of wood protection. One problem is that refractory woods have different anatomical features that make the impregnation process difficult. For the specimens that were conditioned with the air and oven, the retention changes were determined with an image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). In addition, the density and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) values were measured. The LN treatment resulted in degradation in the bordered pits. Then, the margo and torus bonds were torn, the bordered pits were opened, and the liquid transportation of wood was facilitated. It was determined that the LN treatment and impregnation increased the depth and dispersion capability of the penetration. The LN treatment helped facilitate the flows from pores to pores by hindering the aspirations of the bordered pits, and thus the flow of chemicals was facilitated. Obtaining deeper penetration in refractory wood species will result in an improved impregnation process.Öğe An innovative approach on the renewable hybrid barrier: combined use of wood and sand(Univ Federal Lavras-Ufla, 2021) Yumrytas, Halil Ibrahim; Birinci, Emre; Yorur, Huseyin; Atahan, Ali OsmanBackground: Wooden materials have been among the basic materials used in many different areas due to some advantages throughout the history. Roadside barriers, which are called passive safety structures, can be produced with different materials such as wood, steel, concrete, and plastic. In this study, Renewable Hybrid Barriers (RHB), a new type of barrier that is used wood in terms of aesthetics, renewability, high shock resistance, and used sand in terms of impact absorption capacity and low cost, produced by taking into account some of the disadvantages of other barrier types. These barriers are planned to be used especially in historical/touristic areas, scenic roads, and in urban areas as urban furniture. Real-time crash tests in accordance with EN 1317 (Road Restraint Systems) standard require high cost and long time. Therefore, the pendulum crash test mechanism frequently used in the literature was manufactured at which the experiments were carried out. Results: The results revealed that the RHBs which has 2 cm thick timber and sand used together, were sufficient and suitable in terms of both cost and necessary safety criteria. It was observed that impregnation and heat treatment applications did not have a considerable negative effect on the performance of RHBs which provide an opportunity to use RHBs for outdoor conditions.. Conclusion: In the light of the results of the study, the optimum wood timber thickness was determined as 2 cm regarding TB 31 test criteria. It is proposed that the crash tests for different wood species, timber thickness, and/or barrier dimensions should carry out in future studies. This study can serve as the basis for the next step, real-time real crash tests. Since the study includes an interdisciplinary subject, it is thought that it will inspire different studies.Öğe Investigation of factors influencing on wood adhesion capability(Kastamonu Univ, 2018) Yorur, HuseyinAim of the study: In this study, the influencing factors on the capability of adhesion in Uludag Fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.), Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and Poplar (Populus tremula L.) woods were investigated Material and Methods: An important problem is that wood have different wettability that makes the bonding process difficult. Influence of PVAc-D3 and PU-D4 adhesives, which are widely used in the furniture industry, on wetting properties was evaluated by contact angle measurement analysis. Bonding strengths of the laminated veneers, which were untreated, treated in two hours at -20 degrees C and 60 degrees C temperatures, water immersion, and water vapor, were determined. Influence of adhesives on the wetting properties was evaluated by contact angle measurement analysis. The adhesion line to determine wettability was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Main results: The results indicated that bonding strength of chestnut wood was determined to be higher than poplar and Uludag fir for all applications. The results generally showed that the applied treatments were resulted in a decrease in bonding strength for both types of adhesive. The lowest bonding strength was determined when the specimens were exposed to water immersion. The results clearly indicate that the surface wettability measurements were informative for forming of adhesion layers. According to the EDX analysis, a decrease of carbon and oxygen was observed in the transition from adhesive to wood. Research highlights: The adhesion capabilities were directly related to wood density and different treatment factors. The different wood species and adhesives used affected on wettability.Öğe Renewable Hybrid Roadside Barrier: Optimization of Timber Thickness(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Yorur, Huseyin; Ozcanan, Sedat; Yumrutas, Halil Ibrahim; Birinci, EmreResearchers have recently focused on new and original roadside barriers that prioritize aesthetic, and environmental concerns by employing natural materials. In this study, the safety performance (Acceleration Severity (visual deformation) of a newly developed Renewable Hybrid Barrier (RHB) system at different timber thicknesses were tried to be determined by pendulum crash test and Finite Element (FE) models. The FE models were calibrated and validated based on pendulum crash test results, and then the most suitable timber thickness in terms of safety and structural performance was determined via FE analyses. The results revealed that as the timber thickness decreased, the safety parameters, such as ASI and THIV, decreased, thus the barrier safety increased. However, it was observed that the deflection and deformations in the barrier increased as the timber thickness decreased. In this sense, the safest and the most structurally durable barrier was determined through conducting virtual optimization tests. Studies on diversification of the usage areas of natural/renewable materials should be increased in the future.Öğe Thermoplastic composites of polypropylene/biopolymer blends and wood flour: Parameter optimization with fuzzy-grey relational analysis(Sage Publications Ltd, 2022) Kelleci, Orhan; Aydemir, Deniz; Altuntas, Ertugrul; Oztel, Ahmet; Kurt, Rifat; Yorur, Huseyin; Istek, AbdullahIn this study, blends of polypropylene (PP) with polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biopolymers and wood flour were prepared, and Fuzzy and Grey Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods were used to determine the blends with the best properties. The physical, mechanical, thermal, structural, and morphological properties of the composites were determined. The obtained results showed that PLA and wood flour generally improved the mechanical properties of the PP composites. However, wood flour did not exhibit a homogeneous distribution in the matrix. The density of the composites generally increased with the addition of both PLA and PHB. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystallinity index of the composites generally decreased due to the low crystallinity of biopolymers. Thermal stability did not change with the addition of PLA and PHB, but the addition of wood increased thermal stability. According to the MCDM analysis, both Fuzzy and Grey results were similar.Öğe Utilization of Waste Polyethylene and its Effects on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Oriented Strand Board(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2016) Yorur, HuseyinThe effect of adding waste polyethylene (WPE) was investigated at various ratios on some physical and mechanical properties of oriented strand board (OSB) panels. All of the test panels were bonded with 6% phenolformaldehyde resin in three layers. The manufacturing parameters was 0/100, 10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, and 50/50 by weight% of WPE/wood strand. All the boards were manufactured to achieve targeted specific gravity of 0.65 g/cm(3). Polyethylene improved the water resistance of the OSB panels because of its hydrophobicity. Based on the results of this study, thickness swelling, humidity, dimensional stability, water absorption, and screw withdrawal resistance of the samples were improved significantly. However, MOE, MOR, and internal bond strength values of the samples decreased with increasing WPE in the panels when compared to the control panels but met minimum requirements in EN 300 (type 1-2-3-4) control panels. The conclusion was reached that waste polyethylene can be used in the manufacture of OSB panels, resulting in the enhancement of above mentioned physical and mechanical properties, as well as a safe disposal and economical utilization.Öğe Wood Flour-Reinforced Green Composites: Parameter Optimization via Multi-criteria Decision-Making Methods(Springer, 2022) Kelleci, Orhan; Aydemir, Deniz; Altuntas, Ertugrul; Kurt, Rifat; Oztel, Ahmet; Yorur, Huseyin; Istek, AbdullahThe aim of this study was to investigate the physical, mechanical, morphological, structural, and thermal properties of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biopolymer composites reinforced with thermally treated wood flour and to determine the formulations having optimum properties by using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. As a filler, Scots pine wood flour (untreated and thermally treated at 212 degrees C) was used at the loading rates of 10% and 30%. The samples were prepared using a twin-screw extruder and then by compression molding. The results showed that the addition of both thermally treated and untreated wood flour slightly increased the density of the composites. According to the color measurement, the thermally treated wood composites were slightly darkened in appearance. In the composites, with both wood fillers, the water absorption and thickness swelling ratios had increased during the 20-250 days of water exposure. Lower water absorption and thickness swelling rates were found for the composites with thermally treated wood filler compared to the other composites. The wood fillers generally lowered the mechanical properties of the PLA and PLA/PHB composites, with the PHB composites as the exception. However, the tensile modulus and Izod impact strength of the composites generally increased with the addition of wood fillers. Morphological examination performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the wood flour was mostly homogeneously distributed in the matrix, which improved the mechanical properties of the composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the addition of wood filler to the neat biopolymers as a rule did not provide significant improvement in the thermal stability; however, the fillers increased the thermal stability of neat PHB. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detected no differences in the chemical structure of the composites. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated a general increase in the crystallinity with the addition of wood fillers to the neat biopolymers and the blends. All the findings were subjected to MCDM analysis to determine the formulation having the optimum properties and the results showed this to be the neat PLA sample.
