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Öğe Application of pinecones powder as a natural coagulants for sustainable treatment of industrial wastewater(Desalination Publ, 2022) Abujazar, Mohammed Shadi S.; Karaagac, Sakine Ugurlu; Ramadan, Hamza; Abu Amr, Salem S.; Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.Utilization of pinecone powder as a plant-based natural coagulant for the treatment of iron and steel factory effluent was examined. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni) in effluent wastewater were investigated. Results showed that the maximal removal of COD, TSS, NH3-N, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, and Ni using pinecone powder were 83.3%, 99%, 83.9%, 86.8%, 93.7%, 89.7%, 73.7%, and 86.7%, respectively for effluent at natural pH 8 using a dosage of 3 g/L. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy result showed the existence of various functional groups involved in the coagulation process. Overall, this study shows that pinecone powder has enormous promise as a natural coagulant for water treatment and it could be utilized to treat effluent from iron and steel plants.Öğe Biodesulfurization of refractory sulfur compounds in petro-diesel by a novel hydrocarbon tolerable strainPaenibacillus glucanolyticusHN4(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Nassar, Hussein N.; Abu Amr, Salem S.; El-Gendy, Nour ShOne of the main precursors of air pollution and acid rains is the presence of the recalcitrant thiophenic compounds, for example dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives in transportation fuels. In an attempt to achieve the worldwide regulations of ultra-low sulfur transportation fuels without affecting its hydrocarbon skeleton, a biphasic medium containing 100 mg/L DBT dissolved in n-hexadecane (1/4 oil/water v/v) used for enrichment and isolation of selective biodesulfurizing bacterium from an oil-polluted sediment sample collected from Egyptian Red Sea shoreline. The isolated bacterium is facultative anaerobe, motile, spore-former, and mesophile. It is genetically identified asPaenibacillus glucanolyticusstrain HN4 (NCBI Gene Bank Accession No. MT645230). HN4 desulfurized DBT as a model of the recalcitrant thiophenic compounds without affecting its hydrocarbon skeleton via the 4S-pathway producing 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP) as a dead end product. HN4 substantiated to be a hydrocarbon tolerant, biosurfactants(s) producer, and endorsed unique enzymatic system capable of desulfurizing broad range of thiophenic compounds and expressed an efficient desulfurization activity against the recalcitrant alkylated DBTs. As far our knowledge, it is the first reported BDS study usingP. glucanolyticus. Statistical optimization based on One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) technique and response surface methodology (RSM) applied for elucidation of mathematical model correlations describing and optimizing the effect of different physicochemical parameters on batch biphasic BDS process. That illustrated an approximate increase in BDS efficiency by 1.34 fold and recorded 94% sulfur removal in biphasic batch process at optimum operation conditions of 120 h, 0.14 wt% S-content model oil (DBT dissolved in n-hexadecane), 33.5 degrees C, pH7 and 1/1 oil/water phase ratio, and 147 rpm. Resting cells of HN4 in a biphasic reactor (1/1 v/v) decreased the sulfur content of a refractory thiophenic model oil (thiophene, benzothiophene, DBT, and alkylated DBT dissolved in n-hexadecane) from 0.14 to 0.027 wt%, and petro-diesel from 0.2 to 0.04 wt%, within 120 h, keeping the calorific value of the treated fuel intact. Consequently, that novel strain could be recommended as a promising candidate for BDS as complementary to hydrodesulfurization process in oil refinery.Öğe The effectiveness of rosehip seeds powder as a plant-based natural coagulant for sustainable treatment of steel industries wastewater(Desalination Publ, 2022) Abujazar, Mohammed Shadi S.; Karaagac, Sakine Ugurlu; Abu Amr, Salem S.; Fatihah, Suja; Bashir, Mohammed J. K.; Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Ibrahim, EimanThis study aims to investigate the performance plant-based natural coagulant from rosehip seed powder in the treatment of iron and steel factory wastewater. The concentrations of COD, total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and nickel ( Ni) in effluent wastewater were examined. Coagulation investigations were carried out using an orbital shaker and a flocculation apparatus to investigate the effects of iron and steel factory effluent, pH, and rosehip seeds powder dosage on coagulation efficacy. The rosehip powder removes a large amount of COD, TSS, NH3-N, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, and Ni from effluent at pH 8 with percentages of 86.1%, 99%, 79%, 86%, 91.7%, 90.6%, 73.7%, and 100%, respectively, at 1 g/L. The effects of pH ranges ranging from (5-10) reveal that the wastewater sample's natural pH (8) demonstrates the maximum practicable removal effectiveness. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of numerous functional groups involved in the coagulation process. One may argue that rosehip seed powder holds great potential as a natural plant-based coagulant for water treatment and could be used to treat effluent from iron and ste el factories.Öğe Evaluation and mechanism of glucose production through acid hydrolysis process: Statistical approach(Elsevier, 2021) Alkarkhi, Abbas F. M.; Danish, Mohammed; Abu Amr, Salem S.; Alqaraghuli, Wasin A. A.; Ayoub, MuhammadThis study investigated glucose production through the hydrolysis process of centipede grass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) using dilute hydrochloric acid. The centipede grass was characterized for moisture content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon before using it in the hydrolysis process for glucose production. Two statistical designs were used to optimize the hydrolysis process variables. The model validation was studied through the first-order two-level factorial design and independent variable optimization through response surface methodology's second-order face-centered central composite design (FCCD). Twenty experiments obtained from FCCD were analyzed, and graphs are plotted for the main effect and significant interactions. The results showed that maximum (optimum) absorbance of glucose (0.36 equivalent to 17.24 mg glucose/10 g centipede grass) was achieved after 108 min of hydrolysis time at temperature 50.5 degrees C with the hydrochloric acid concentration of 8.94%. The analysis of variance results revealed that incubation time, reaction temperature, and hydrochloric acid concentration significantly affect glucose absorbance. The regression model showed that there are two options to achieve maximum absorbance of glucose. Glucose extraction from grass will be the future source of energy. The benefit of turning grass biomass into a value-added product is not only economical beneficial but also help in waste management and pollution remediation.Öğe Evaluation of landfill leachate treatment system using multivariate analysis(Desalination Publ, 2021) Ayash, Muneer M. A.; Abu Amr, Salem S.; Alkarkhi, Abbas F. M.; Zulkifli, Muzafar; Mahmud, M. N.In this study, selected physicochemical and heavy metal concentrations were identified and analyzed in leachate samples. The leachate samples were collected at four different stages namely; raw equalization pond (EqP), dissolved air floatation combined with coagulation ( DAF1/coagulation), sequencing batch reactor (SBR), and dissolved air floatation combined with coagulation (DAF2/coagulation). For each stage, 19 parameters were tested covering 12 physiochemical parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, ammonical nitrogen (NH3-N), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total concentrations of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) as well as the total concentrations of seven heavy metals involving iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). Identifying the characteristics of the four leachate samples from each stage was aided with three different statistical methods consisting of descriptive, factor, and cluster analyses. The results of factor analysis showed that 95.34% of the total variation in the selected parameters was explained by two factors and identified as the responsible factors. Cluster analysis exhibited that the four ponds entirely have different properties (EqP, DAF1, SBR, and DAF2). This study helps to evaluate and comprehend the behavior of the designated parameters and better understand their relationships with one another for more efficient, practical, and productive landfill leachate treatment and management.Öğe Factorial design and optimization of pinecone seed powder as a natural coagulant for organic and heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater(Desalination Publ, 2023) Abujazar, Mohammed Shadi S.; Karaagac, Sakine Ugurlu; Abu Amr, Salem S.; Fatihah, Suja; Bashir, Mohammed J. K.; Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Yusof, ArijVarious chemical coagulants have previously been used for wastewater treatment with substantial efficacy in eliminating heavy metals and other criteria. However, their economic effectiveness and the remnant of harmful chemical precipitates that pose hazards to human health and the environment. As a result, utilizing plant-based natural coagulants is seen as an alternative non-toxic, biodegradable, and ecologically beneficial strategy. This study aims to investigate the performance of pinecone seed powder as a natural coagulant in iron and steel factory wastewater treatment, as well as to optimize the operating parameters to determine the feasibility of employing pinecone seed powder in wastewater treatment. Using 0.6 g/200 mL pinecone as a controlling factor, pH, and settling time, the response surface methodology, a statistical experimental design was utilized to increase the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), and heavy metals removal effimodels for the parameters specified were determined to be significant with a low probability.Öğe Factorial design and optimization of thermal activation of persulfate for stabilized leachate treatment(Desalination Publ, 2022) Chin, Yun Tong; Bashir, Mohammed J. K.; Abu Amr, Salem S.; Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.Landfill remains as the most common municipal waste disposal method in the world. However, the production of leachate associate with landfill persists as a major drawback, which bring harmful effect to the environment. Persulfate oxidation is recently used for stabilized leachate treatment. Persulfate alone is still limited for leachate oxidation and an activation method is required to improve its performance. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate and compare the performance of per sulfate subjected to thermal activation in treating stabilized leachate. Different experimental operational factors were considered and evaluated such as, S2O82-/chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio, temperature, and reaction time. Experiments were designed and optimized by using response surface methodology, and results were analysed by using analysis of variance. The removal efficiencies for COD and colour using inactivation persulfate were reported only at 14% and 29%, respectively. However, the efficiencies were improved to 93.39% and 94.00% for COD and colour after thermal activation of persulfate under an optimum condition of 10 S2O82-/COD ratio, 80 degrees C and 120 min. The maximum efficiency was achieved at the treatment cost of RM0.66 per litre of leachate.Öğe Kinetic and statistical perspectives on the interactive effects of recalcitrant polyaromatic and sulfur heterocyclic compounds and in-vitro nanobioremediation of oily marine sediment at microcosm level(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2022) Nassar, Hussein N.; Rabie, Abdelrahman M.; Abu Amr, Salem S.; El-Gendy, Nour ShA halotolerant biosurfactant producer Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain NSH3 (NCBI Gene Bank Accession No. MN149622) was isolated to degrade high concentrations of recalcitrant polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polyaromatic heterocyclic sulfur compounds (PASHs). In biphasic batch bioreactors, the biodegradation and biosurfactant-production activities of NSH3 have been significantly enhanced (p < 0.0001) by its decoration with eco-friendly prepared magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs). On an artificially contaminated sediment microcosm level, regression modeling and statistical analysis based on a 23 full factorial design of experiments were trendily applied to provide insights into the interactive impacts of such pollutants. MNPs-coated NSH3 were also innovatively applied for nanobioremediation (NBR) of in-vitro diesel oil-polluted sediment microcosms. Gravimetric, chromatographic, and microbial respiratory analyses proved the significantly enhanced biodegradation capabilities of MNPs-coated NSH3 (p < 0.001) and the complete mineralization of various recalcitrant diesel oil components. Kinetic analyses showed that the biodegradation of iso- and n-alkanes was best fitted with a secondorder kinetic model equation. Nevertheless, PAHs and PASHs in biphasic batch bioreactors and sediment microcosms followed the first-order kinetic model equation. Sustainable NBR overcome the toxicity of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, mass transfer limitation, and steric hindrance of hydrophobic recalcitrant high molecular weight hydrocarbons and alkylated polyaromatic compounds.Öğe Microplastic in the environment: identification, occurrence, and mitigation measures(Elsevier Science Inc, 2022) Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Albahnasawi, Ahmed; Al-Maskari, Omar; Ali, Gomaa A. M.; Eyvaz, Murat; Abujazar, Mohammed Shadi S.; Abu Amr, Salem S.Microplastic is an emerging pollutant causing trouble worldwide due to its extensive distribu-tion and potential hazards to the ecological system. Some fundamental questions about micro -plastics, such as their presence, source, and possible hazards, remain unanswered. These issues develop because of a lack of systematic and comprehensive microplastic analysis. As a result, we thoroughly evaluated current knowledge on microplastics, including detection, characterization, occurrence, source, and potential harm. Microplastics are found in seawater, soil, wetlands, and air matrices worldwide based on findings. Visual classification, which can be enhanced by com-bining it with additional tools, is one of the most used methods for identifying microplastics. As soon as is practicable, microplastics analytical methods ought to be standardized. New techniques for analyzing nano-plastics are urgently needed in the meantime. Numerous studies have shown that microplastics??? impacts on people and soil are significantly influenced by their size, shape, and surface physicochemical characteristics. Finally, this study suggests areas for future research based on the knowledge gaps in the area of microplastics.Öğe Multivariate Analysis for Air Contamination and Meteorological Parameters in Zonguldak, Turkey(Jordan Univ Science & Technology, 2022) Uluta, Kadir; Alkarkhi, Abbas F. M.; Abujayyab, Sohaib K. M.; Abu Amr, Salem S.This study evaluates the concentration of PM10, PM2.5, NOx, NO2, CO and SO2 parameters and the four climatological parameters (temperature, wind speed, humidity and net radiation flux) during the four seasons. Various statistical techniques were utilized to study the behavior of the selected parameters during the seasons. Descriptive statistics exhibited that the studied parameters have high concentrations in winter, except for NO2 (which has a high concentration in autumn), while the concentrations of those parameters were the lowest in summer, except for NO2 and NOX (which have high concentrations in spring). Factor analysis (FA) showed that more than 80% of the total variation belongs to two factors, where 19.47% of the variation was due to wind speed and humidity, while other parameters were responsible for 62.90% of the total variation. Cluster analysis (CA) evaluated the similarity and dissimilarity between various elements through identifying four clusters representing the seasons; cluster 1: autumn, cluster 2: winter, cluster 3: spring and cluster 4: summer. This clustering indicates that the four seasons are entirely different. The highest dissimilarity was reported between summer and the other seasons. CA also classified all parameters into five statistically different clusters; cluster 1: PM10, PM (2.5) and CO; cluster 2: SO2, NOX and NO2; cluster 3: humidity; cluster 4: temperature and radiation and cluster 5: wind speed. This study illustrates the benefits of using multivariate techniques for the evaluation and interpretation of the total variation to get a better picture of the pollution sources/factors and understand the behaviors of the parameters in the air.Öğe Nanoscale zero-valent iron application for the treatment of soil, wastewater and groundwater contaminated with heavy metals: a review(Desalination Publ, 2022) Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Albahnasawi, Ahmed; Copty, Nadim K.; Bashir, Mohammed J. K.; Nassani, Dia Eddin; Al Maskari, Tahra; Abu Amr, Salem S.Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been extensively investigated for the remediation of soil, wastewater, and groundwater contaminated with heavy metals. This paper presents a collective review of nZVI synthesis, nZVI interaction mechanisms with heavy metals, factors affecting nZVI reactivity, recent applications of nZVI for heavy metals removal, and the environmental concerns of nZVI application for soil microorganisms and plants. Modified nZVI, spatially biochar supported nZVI (BC@nZVI) and sulfidation nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) showed high heavy metals removal efficiency and more stable performance compared to nZVI alone. The removal of heavy metals by nZVI is as a synergistic process where adsorption, oxidation/reduction and precipitation occur simultaneously or in series. pH and organic matter are the main factors that significantly affect nZVI reactivity. Toxic effects of nZVI are observed for the soil microorganisms as the direct contact may cause a decrease in cell viability and membrane damage. A low concentration of nZVI promotes the growth of plant whereas high concentration decreases root length. It is observed that, further research is needed to enhance nZVI recovery techniques, evaluate the effectiveness of novel modified nZVI and their effects on the environment, and the full-scale application of nZVI.Öğe The performance of S2O82- / Zn2+ oxidation system in landfill leachate treatment(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Abu Amr, Salem S.; Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Bashir, Mohammed JK.; Alkarkhi, Abbas F. M.; Aziz, Shuokr QaraniIn this paper, the application of combined S2O82- / Zn2+ oxidation was investigated for landfill leachate treatment. Several dosage ratios (g/g) from Sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8 M = 238 g/mol) and Zinc chloride (ZnCl4 207.1920 g/mole) were added to the leachate sample in one oxidation reactor. Results showed that the maximum removal efficiencies for COD (88%) and colour (98%) were obtained using 2 g/12 g S2O82- / Zn2+ dosage, pH (11), and 120 min reaction time, while the maximum removal for NH3-N (60%) was obtained at 180 min of oxidation. In addition, the biodegradability (BOD5/COD) ratio was improved from 0.07 to 0.19. Moreover, the performance of the new oxidation processes (S2O82- / Zn2+) compared to other related treatment processes such as S2O82- oxidation alone, ZnCl4 coagulation, S2O82- oxidation followed by ZnCl4 coagulation and ZnCl4 coagulation followed by S2O82-. The results of S2O82- / Zn2+ oxidation achieved higher removal for COD, colour and ammonia compared to other related processes. The results revealed that S2O82- / Zn2+ oxidation system can be recommended as an efficient process for organic and ammonia removal from leachate.Öğe The potential use of olive seeds powder as plant-based natural coagulant for sustainable treatment of industrial wastewater(Desalination Publ, 2022) Karaagac, Sakine Ugurlu; Abujazar, Mohammed Shadi S.; Kopan, Mahmut; Abu Amr, Salem S.; Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.The use of olive seed powder as a plant-based natural coagulant in treating iron and steel factory wastewater was studied. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni) in effluent wastewater were investigated. Coagulation experiments on the effects of iron and steel factory wastewater, pH, and olive seed powder dosage on coagulation efficacy were conducted using an orbital shaker and a flocculation device. The maximum removal percentages of COD, TSS, NH3-N, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, and Ni by olive seeds powder were 86.3%, 99%, 72.4%, 80.9%, 91.5%, 92.6%, 73.7%, and 84.3% for effluent at natural pH 8 using a 5 g/L dosage, respectively. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study showed the presence of several functional groups involved in the coagulation process. It is possible to argue that olive seed powder has enormous potential as a plant-based natural coagulant for wastewater treatment and that it might be used to treat wastewater from iron and steel factories.Öğe Recent advancement in the application of hybrid coagulants in coagulation-flocculation of wastewater: A review(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Abujazar, Mohammed Shadi S.; Karaagac, Sakine Ugurlu; Abu Amr, Salem S.; D Alazaiza, Motasem Y.; Bashir, Mohammed J. K.Hybrid coagulants have recently received attention in water and wastewater treatment technologies mainly due to their cost-efficiency and exceptional performance. As such, this study highlights the recent advanced appli-cations of hybrid coagulants in wastewater treatment. The materials used for hybrid coagulants, such as those hybridised in chemical bond, structurally-hybridised, and functionally-hybridised under certain combination techniques (e.g., organic/inorganic, organic/organic, inorganic/inorganic, organic/natural polymer, inorganic/ natural polymer, organic/biopolymer, & inorganic/biopolymer), were evaluated and compared based on their applications on different type of wastewaters, experimental conditions, and treatment efficiency. The perfor-mance of inorganic/inorganic hybrid coagulation demonstrated high removal of turbidity (98.5%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (73.3%), heavy metals (99.2%), and colour (98%) -seemingly better than organic removal efficiency. The optimum operational conditions for inorganic/organic coagulants at varied pH levels (6-12) lowered the cost for chemicals used for pH adjustment in treating industrial wastewater. Referring to the review outcomes, hybrid coagulation applications are indeed efficient for treatment of highly concentrated in-dustrial wastewater, such as oily wastewater.Öğe Recent Advances of Nanoremediation Technologies for Soil and Groundwater Remediation: A Review(Mdpi, 2021) Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Albahnasawi, Ahmed; Ali, Gomaa A. M.; Bashir, Mohammed J. K.; Copty, Nadim K.; Abu Amr, Salem S.; Abushammala, Mohammed F. M.Nanotechnology has been widely used in many fields including in soil and groundwater remediation. Nanoremediation has emerged as an effective, rapid, and efficient technology for soil and groundwater contaminated with petroleum pollutants and heavy metals. This review provides an overview of the application of nanomaterials for environmental cleanup, such as soil and groundwater remediation. Four types of nanomaterials, namely nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and metallic and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), are presented and discussed. In addition, the potential environmental risks of the nanomaterial application in soil remediation are highlighted. Moreover, this review provides insight into the combination of nanoremediation with other remediation technologies. The study demonstrates that nZVI had been widely studied for high-efficiency environmental remediation due to its high reactivity and excellent contaminant immobilization capability. CNTs have received more attention for remediation of organic and inorganic contaminants because of their unique adsorption characteristics. Environmental remediations using metal and MNPs are also favorable due to their facile magnetic separation and unique metal-ion adsorption. The modified nZVI showed less toxicity towards soil bacteria than bare nZVI; thus, modifying or coating nZVI could reduce its ecotoxicity. The combination of nanoremediation with other remediation technology is shown to be a valuable soil remediation technique as the synergetic effects may increase the sustainability of the applied process towards green technology for soil remediation.Öğe Statistical model for comparing the performance of two coagulants using response surface model(Desalination Publ, 2022) Ayash, Muneer M. A.; Alkarkhi, Abbas F. M.; Abu Amr, Salem S.; Mahmud, M. N.; Zulkifli, MuzafarIn this research, the performances of modified tannin and aluminium sulfate (alum) for stabilized leachate treatment were investigated and compared using coagulant dosage, pH, and rapid mixing speed as the input variables. Four different responses were used to compare the treatment performances; the responses are, chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3??? N) and total suspended solids (TSS). The results of the analysis for 36 experiments showed that the optimum operating conditions for 1% modified tannin and 10% alum are a coagulant dosage of 6 mL, a pH of 9 and a rapid mixing speed of 100 rpm. The optimum removal efficiencies of COD, color, NH3???N and TSS using 1% modified tannin were 42.86%, 54.38%, 39.39% and 60.33% respectively, and using 10% alum were 60.71%, 63.09%, 42.42% and 60.33%, respectively. The findings revealed that the effectiveness of modified tannin for the treatment of landfill leachate was significant using a ten-time lower dosage concentration than alum. This study will help better understanding the behaviour of organic and inorganic coagulants for wastewater treatments using the same polynomial model.Öğe Thermal based remediation technologies for soil and groundwater: a review(Desalination Publ, 2022) Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.; Albahnasawi, Ahmed; Copty, Nadim K.; Ali, Gomaa A. M.; Bashir, Mohammed J. K.; Al Maskari, Tahra; Abu Amr, Salem S.Thermal remediation technologies are fast and effective tools for the remediation of contaminated soils and sediments. Nevertheless, the high energy consumption and the effect of high temperature on the soil properties may hinder the wide applications of thermal remediation methods. This review highlights the recent studies focused on thermal remediation. Eight types of thermal remediation processes are discussed, including incineration, thermal desorption, stream enhanced extraction, electrical resistance heating, microwave heating, smoldering, vitrification, and pyrolysis. In addition, the combination of thermal remediation with other remediation technologies is presented. Finally, thermal remediation sustainability is evaluated in terms of energy efficiency and their impact on soil properties. The developments of the past decade show that thermal-based technologies are quite effective in terms of contaminant removal but that these technologies are associated with high energy use and costs and can has an adverse impact on soil properties. Nonetheless, it is anticipated that continued research on thermally based technologies can increase their sustainability and expand their applications. Low temperature thermal desorption is a promising remediation technology in terms of land use and energy cost as it has no adverse effect on soil function after treatment and low temperature is required. Overall, selecting the sustainable remediation technology depends on the contaminant properties, soil properties and predicted risk level.Öğe Treatment of rubber wastewater using zinc sulphate as coagulants-data collection on removal efficiency for physicochemical and heavy metal parameters(Elsevier, 2021) Alkarkhi, Abbas F. M.; Abu Amr, Salem S.; Alqaraghuli, Wasin A. A.; Ozdemir, Yahya; Zulkifli, Muzafar; Mahmud, M. N.This article provides data regarding the performance of zinc sulphate as a coagulant for treating rubber industry wastewater. The effect of four factors on removal efficiency of nine parameters is investigated, namely: pH, mixing speed, dosage of coagulant (zinc sulphate) and retention time. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect of selected variables. The data obtained from face centered composite design (FCCD) were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression model to find the optimum operating conditions for the selected factors. (c) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
