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    The effect of novel biotechnological vermicompost on tea yield, plant nutrient content, antioxidants, amino acids, and organic acids as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for sustainability
    (Bmc, 2024) Kocaman, Ayhan; Inci, Yusra; Kitir, Nurgul; Turan, Metin; Argin, Sanem; Yildirim, Ertan; Giray, Gulay
    In this study, the performance of a novel organic tea compost developed for the first time in the world from raw tea waste from tea processing factories and enriched with worms, beneficial microorganisms, and enzymes was tested in comparison to chemical fertilizers in tea plantations in Rize and Artvin provinces, where the most intensive tea cultivation is carried out in Turkey. In the field trials, the developed organic tea vermicompost was incorporated into the root zones of the plants in the tea plantations in amounts of 1000 (OVT1), 2000 (OVT2) and 4000 (OVT4) (kg ha(-1)). The experimental design included a control group without OVT applications and positive controls with chemical fertilizers (N: P: K 25:5:10, (CF) 1200 kg ha(-1)) commonly used by local growers. The evaluation included field trials over two years. The average yields obtained in two-year field trials in five different areas were: Control (6326), OVT1 (7082), OVT2 (7408), OVT4 (7910), and CF (8028) kg ha(-1). Notably, there was no significant statistical difference in yields between the organic (at 4000 kg ha(-1) ) and chemical fertilizers (at 1200 kg ha(-1)). The highest nutrient contents were obtained when CF and OVT4 were applied. According to the average values across all regions, the application of OVT4 increased the uptake of 63% N, 18% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 19% Na, 29% Ca, 28% Zn, 11% Cu and 24% Mn compared to the control group. The application of chemical fertilizers increased the uptake of 75% N, 21% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 28% Na, 27% Ca, 30% Zn, 18% Cu and 31% Mn compared to the control group. The organic fertilizer treatment had the lowest levels of antioxidants compared to the control groups and the chemical fertilizers. It was also found that the organic fertilizer increased the levels of amino acids, organic acids and chlorophyll in the tea plant. Its low antioxidant activity and proline content prepared them for or protected them from stress conditions. With these properties, the biotechnologically developed organic tea compost fertilizer has proven to be very promising for tea cultivation and organic plant production.
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    Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
    (Mdpi, 2022) Turan, Metin; Ekinci, Melek; Kul, Raziye; Kocaman, Ayhan; Argin, Sanem; Zhirkova, Anastasia M.; Perminova, Irina, V
    Iron deficiency, which severely decreases the plant yield and quality, is one of the major problems of calcareous soils. Foliar applications of humic substances and/or Fe fertilizers are environmentally friendly methods to cope with Fe deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of Fe/nano Fe and humic/fulvic acid-based biostimulant foliar applications on the Fe content and plant growth parameters of spinach. Treatment solutions were prepared either by mixing a common Fe fertilizer, FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O, with different commercial biostimulants (Fulvic-based: Fulvagra (R), Fulvagra (R) WSG; Humic-based: HS300 (R), Humin Fe (R) and Liqhumusc), Grevenbroich, Germany) or by mixing nano ferrihydrite with different ratios of fulvic substance (FA-50, FA-75, and FA-100) and humic acid (Nano Iron). Growth parameters (plant fresh and dry weights, plant dry matter, root fresh and dry weights, root dry matter, leaf number per plant, and leaf area); chlorophyll reading value (SPAD); chlorophyll (a,b, and total) and carotenoid contents; and leaf and root mineral contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Zn, B, active Fe, and total Fe) of samples were determined. Our results showed that foliar application of biostimulants together with Fe sources improved the nutrient uptake, chlorophyll contents, growth characteristics, and yield; however, not all humic substances had the same effect. When all parameters were considered, Fulvagra treatment-which contained 17% fulvic acid and microorganisms in its content together with 20 mM FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O-was the most effective application, followed by FA100 treatment containing fulvic acid and 20 mM nano ferrihydrite. This finding indicates that fulvic acid containing biostimulants is more effective in foliar applications than humic-based biostimulants against Fe deficiency due to their low molecular weight which enables better penetration into the leaves. In conclusion, foliar applications of fulvic substances together with Fe fertilizers can be used to increase the Fe uptake of crops and the yields under Fe-deficient conditions.
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    Rhizobacteria alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on seedling growth of Capsicum annuum L. by modulating the antioxidant enzyme activity and mineral uptake
    (Natl Taiwan Univ Press, 2021) Ekinci, Melek; Kocaman, Ayhan; Argin, Sanem; Turan, Metin; Dadasoglu, Fatih; Yildirim, Ertan
    Salinity is one of the most important factors restricting vegetative production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study,the effects of the exogenous plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR: Bacillus pumilus UG-41, Bacillus cereus UG-50) application on seedling growth, concentration of plant nutrient elements, antioxidant activity and chlorophyll, proline, sugar, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), hormone contents of pepper seedlings under salinity stress conditions (100 mM NaCl) were investigated. Our results showed that gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), indole acetic acid (IAA), leaf relative water content (LRWC) and the concentration of all plant tissue nutrients investigated except for Na were decreased by salt stress. On the other hand, PGPR treatment increased the plant growth parameters by increasing the proline, sucrose, hormone and chlorophyll contents; altering the mineral uptake and increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity in pepper seedlings under salt stress. In conclusion, PGPR treatment may be used as an effective technique to protect the plants against salinity stress since the bacteria positively impact the ability of the plant to cope with the stress by particularly increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity, hormone level and mineral uptake.
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    Synergistic Strategies for Overcoming Salt Stress in Strawberry Farming: The Use of Organic Fertilizers and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
    (Springer, 2024) Yavuz, Aysegul; Erdogan, Ummugulsum; Turan, Metin; Argin, Sanem; Kocaman, Ayhan
    The study was carried out under salt-stress conditions, and three non-microbial commercial organic fertilizers purchased from Humintech GmbH (Grevenbroich, Germany) were applied to the soil for strawberry plants. The three promoters were Fulvagra (R), based on fulvic acid, Liqhumus (R), based on humic acid, and Microsense Root (R), also based on humic acid. Treatment with Fulvagra (R) resulted in a remarkable 69.90% increase in average fruit weight and a 39.52% increase in yield in strawberry plants. These improvements remained significant when combined with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), resulting in a 61.81% increase in fruit weight and a 45.21% increase in yield. Liqhumus (R) treatment resulted in a significant 49.95% increase in fruit weight and a 39.30% increase in fruit yield. The introduction of PGPR further enhanced these effects by increasing fruit weight by 87.70% and yield by 63.84%. The Microsense Root (R) treatment showed 31.07 and 61.87% improvements for the respective parameters. In conjunction with this treatment, the use of PGPR produced the most significant results, with increases of 121.14 and 65.37% for respective parameters. These results indicate that the combined use of non-microbial commercial organic fertilizers with PGPR leads to higher efficiency and is promising for sustainable agricultural practices, particularly in improving the resistance of strawberry plants to salt-induced stress.