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    Bending fatigue properties of structural steel fabricated through wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)
    (Elsevier B.V., 2022) Ayan, Y.; Kahraman, N.
    Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has become an essential production method with advantages such as ease of application and economic benefits, along with high material savings and its ability to produce large parts close to their final form in a short time. In recent years, many studies have been carried out on WAAM, most of which have investigated the properties of the manufactured parts. Among these properties, the topic of fatigue was less frequently examined. The reasons for this may include difficulties such as the long duration of fatigue tests and the large number of test specimens required. However, since fatigue is responsible for most of the damage in metal components, it is important to determine the fatigue strength of the parts produced using WAAM. In this study, the WAAM process was applied to low alloy ER70S-6 steel, which is widely used in the metal industry and is also one of the most common materials used in WAAM processes. After the fabrication, horizontal and vertical specimens were obtained from the manufactured part and mechanical and metallurgical tests were applied, including, fatigue tests, with the fatigue properties of the produced WAAMed part determined using a specially designed and produced bending stress fatigue testing machine. Results demonstrated that the fatigue limits of the horizontal and vertical fatigue specimens at 107 cycles were very close to each other, as approximately 180 MPa. The fatigue strength values of the vertical and horizontal specimens were quite similar. However, the fatigue strength of the vertical specimens up to 106 cycles was found to be slightly higher. © 2022 Karabuk University
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    Investigation of mechanical and microstructural properties of AA5754/AA6013 dissimilar aluminium alloys joined by GMAW and FSW methods
    (Redakcia Kovove Materialy, 2021) Yuruk, A.; Ayan, Y.; Cevik, B.; Kahraman, N.
    Aluminium alloys AA5XXX and AA6XXX have low density and high yield strength and are frequently used to make air, sea, and land vehicles/technology lighter. Different types of aluminium alloys need to be adaptively assembled together. Therefore, it is important but difficult to weld aluminium alloys. This study investigated the microstructural and mechanical properties of two dissimilar aluminium alloys, AA5754 and AA6013, which were welded using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and friction stir welding (FSW). Hardness, tensile, bending, and fatigue tests were done on the welded samples. The test results were evaluated and interpreted according to the literature. The weld zone (weld metal, HAZ) of AA5754 and AA6013 aluminium alloys joined by GMAW and FSW showed significant differences. The highest tensile strength and fatigue life were obtained from the FSWed sample after the base metals. The welded samples joined using both welding methods were successfully deformed by 180 degrees without damaging their upper or lower surfaces.
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    Investigation of mechanical and microstructural properties of aa5754/aa6013 dissimilar aluminium alloys joined by gmaw and fsw methods
    (Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 2021) Yuruk, A.; Ayan, Y.; Cevik, B.; Kahraman, N.
    Aluminium alloys AA5XXX and AA6XXX have low density and high yield strength and are frequently used to make air, sea, and land vehicles/technology lighter. Different types of aluminium alloys need to be adaptively assembled together. Therefore, it is important but difficult to weld aluminium alloys. This study investigated the microstructural and mechanical properties of two dissimilar aluminium alloys, AA5754 and AA6013, which were welded using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and friction stir welding (FSW). Hardness, tensile, bending, and fatigue tests were done on the welded samples. The test results were evaluated and interpreted according to the literature. The weld zone (weld metal, HAZ) of AA5754 and AA6013 aluminium alloys joined by GMAW and FSW showed significant differences. The highest tensile strength and fatigue life were obtained from the FSWed sample after the base metals. The welded samples joined using both welding methods were successfully deformed by 180° without damaging their upper or lower surfaces. © 2021 Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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    Investigation on joint properties of AA5754 and AA6013 dissimilar aluminum alloys welded using automatic GMAW
    (Elsevier B.V., 2020) Mercan, E.; Ayan, Y.; Kahraman, N.
    Aluminum alloys AA5754 and AA6013 were joined using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and the mechanical, microstructure and corrosion properties of the joints were investigated. The welding process was performed using argon as shielding gas with three different wire feed speeds and welding speeds. Metal wire (ER5356 filler) with a diameter of 1.2 mm was used in the welding process. In order to determine the mechanical properties of the joints, the welded specimens were subjected to tensile and hardness tests. In addition, an electrochemical corrosion test was conducted to determine the corrosion resistance of the specimens. The welding zone of the specimens was characterized via microstructure examination. In the tensile tests, fractures occurred in the weld metal and the heat affected zone (HAZ). However, tensile strength performance of the joints exceeded 90% under the appropriate welding parameters. The corrosion test results showed that the samples with joint defects (insufficient melting) were exposed to corrosion more rapidly than the others. Hardness test results revealed that maximum hardness values were measured at the HAZ of the AA6013 specimen, followed by the weld metal and HAZ of the AA5754 specimen, respectively. Microstructure inspections showed the structures of all the weld metals to be dendritic. © 2019 Karabuk University
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    Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Low-Carbon Mild Steel Using Two Different 3D Printers
    (Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer, 2021) Ayan, Y.; Kahraman, N.
    Additive manufacturing (AM) has gained prominence in the industrial sector due to its superior capability for fabricating small parts and meeting larger requirements in many fields. Among the AM processes, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), which is commonly based on the welding process, is also a good option for manufacturing large-scale metallic components. In the present study, WAAM was performed using gas metal arc welding (GMAW). In addition, two customized 3D printers having different types of welding torch movements were used in the deposition process. Because it is generally preferred for joining works in the welding process, ER70S-6 filler wire was chosen for the WAAM. Two different parts were fabricated using this filler wire. The effects of the different torch movements on the properties of the WAAM samples were investigated via tensile and microhardness tests and microstructural examinations were performed. Moreover, the specimens were processed from three different material directions (horizontal, vertical, and 45 degrees) in order to observe the layer effects. Following the WAAM process, optical emission spectrometry (OES) studies were conducted to evaluate the chemical composition of the parts. Visual inspection was then carried out to assess the layer features of the fabricated WAAM parts.