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Öğe Biocorrosion and Mechanical Properties of ZXM100 and ZXM120 Magnesium Alloys(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2019) Incesu, Alper; Gungor, AliIn this study, as-cast Mg, ZXM100 (1.07Zn-0.21Ca-0.31Mn) and ZXM120 (1.01Zn-1.63Ca-0.30Mn) alloys were produced by gravity die casting method, and microstructure, phase analysis, corrosion and mechanical properties of the alloys were investigated comparatively in order to develop degradable Mg-based biomaterials with improved properties. It is observed that Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase is expected to be present in ZXM100 (1.07Zn-0.21Ca-0.31Mn) alloy totally dissolved in the alpha-Mg matrix after homogenization heat treatment. However, Mg2Ca phase is expected to be present in ZXM100 (1.07Zn-0.21Ca-0.31Mn) alloy partially dissolved in the alpha-Mg matrix. Results showed that ZXM100 alloy has a much more homogeneous structure, a better performance, higher corrosion resistance and mechanical properties than those of as-cast Mg and ZXM120 alloy. ZXM100 (0.099 mm/year) alloy has a three times slower corrosion rate than ZXM120 (0.294 mm/year) alloy. It is found that the ZXM100 alloy has closer values to the desired corrosion rate and mechanical properties as a biodegradable implant material.Öğe Comparative Study on Dry and Bio-Corrosive Wear Behavior of Mg-xAl-3Zn Alloys (x=0.5-1-2-3 wt.%)(Springer, 2022) Koc, Erkan; Incesu, Alper; Saud, Amir N.In this study, Mg-xAl-3Zn alloys (x=0.5-1-2-3 wt.%) were produced by the permanent mold casting method. Microstructural characterization of alloys was done with the help of optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Dry and bio-corrosive wear behaviors of alloys were investigated comparatively. Depending on the amount of Al in the alloys, the intermetallic phases were differentiated. Mg17Al12 phase was only observed in Mg-3Al-3Zn alloy distributed along the grain boundary as a continuous or semicontinuous network. The Mg-3Al-3Zn alloy hardness value was about 61.60 +/- 4.23 HV and approximately 30% higher than the other alloys. Dry wear and bio-corrosive (in simulated body fluid (SBF)) wear performances of the alloys were also compared. The abrasive wear mechanism was evident in dry ambient wear due to the intermetallic phases in the structure. Still, the liquid's lubrication effect is much more dominant in the bio-corrosive wear tests carried out in SBF. While Mg-3Al-3Zn wear rate was the lowest in dry wear, it was determined to be the highest in bio-corrosive wear for all applied load conditions. It had been understood that a large amount of Mg17Al12 phase in the structure caused such a result.Öğe Comparison of Hot-rolled Unalloyed Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys in terms of Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties(Gazi Univ, 2022) Incesu, Alper; Gungor, AliIn this study, hot rolling is properly performed on pure magnesium and two of Zn, Ca and Mn containing magnesium alloys. Biodegradability and mechanical properties are investigated comparatively in their rolled state. While the average grain sizes of the two alloys were close to each other, it was observed that the Mg-1.01Zn-1.63Ca-0.30Mn alloy had higher hardness (61.5 +/- 0.2 HV) at hot rolled state. The lowest corrosion rate in electrochemical corrosion test on Mg-1.07Zn-0.21Ca-0.31Mn alloy is observed to be 1.772 mm/yr. As for the immersion corrosion test on the same alloy, the lowest corrosion rate is detected to be 0.054 mm/yr. Moreover, Mg-1.07Zn-0.21Ca-0.31Mn alloy has the highest tensile strength. Based on the results, it is ascertained that hot-rolled Mg-1.07Zn-0.21Ca-0.31Mn alloy possesses a better biodegradability and mechanical properties compared to hot rolled commercially unalloyed Mg and 1.01Zn-1.63Ca-0.30Mn alloy.Öğe Corrosion behavior of graphene nanoplatelet-coated tib2 reinforced az91 magnesium matrix semi-ceramic hybrid composites(2021) Çevik, Engin; Gündoğan, Murat; Incesu, Alper; Turan, Muhammet EmreIn this study; Hybrid composites containing different proportions of TiB2 and graphene were produced using the pressure infiltration method. Inert SF6 gas is used to prevent oxidation in the productions. While 8 bar infiltration pressure was provided by argon gas, the infiltration temperature was chosen as 800°C. The corrosion behaviors of the compos-ite materials were examined. Corrosion resistance was determined by potentiodynamic and immersion corrosion testing in 3.5% NaCl solution. In addition, SEM examinations were conducted to understand the corrosion mechanisms. At the end of the measurements, the highest porosity was measured as %4,7 in composite containing 1% graphene compared to pure matrix and composite containing only TiB2. The added reinforcement (TiB2 and Graphene) elements cause decreases in corrosion resistance. The highest corrosion resist-ance was achieved in AZ91 alloys.Öğe Effect of Ca Addition to the Elevated Temperature Mechanical Properties of AZ Series Magnesium Alloys(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2023) Gokalp, Idris; Incesu, AlperIn this study, in order to investigate the effect of Ca addition on elevated temperature mechanical properties of AZ series magnesium alloys, 3 different alloys (AZ21, AZX211, and AZX311) were produced. Elemental and phase analyses along with microstructural characterization were performed by using XRF, XRD, optical microscope, and SEM-EDS. Tensile and wear tests were conducted at 25 degrees C, 150 degrees C, and 200 degrees C for the purpose of revealing the room and elevated temperature service condition performances of the alloys which were followed by the application of hardness measurement applied at 25 degrees C to the alloys. It was observed that while the microstructure of AZ21 alloy contained only alpha-Mg, the microstructures of AZX211 and AZX311 alloys contained alpha-Mg, (Mg, Al)(2)Ca and Al2Ca due to the addition of Ca. Furthermore, the strengths of AZX211 alloy were better for all temperatures, especially at 25 degrees C with 152 +/- 5.4 MPa tensile strength and 95 +/- 4.1 MPa yield strength, and also it had the lowest hardness (51.6 +/- 1.3 HV) as compared to the other alloys. When all temperatures wear rates were compared, the AZX211 alloy was understood to have a stable wear rate for all applied load values, especially under 40 N applied load for 22.826 +/- 0.730 x 10(-3) mm(3)/m at 25 degrees C, 21.201 +/- 0.758 x 10(-3) mm(3)/m at 150 degrees C and 24.768 +/- 0.326 x 10(-3) mm(3)/m at 200 degrees C test temperatures, respectively.Öğe Haddeleme ile birleştirilen aisi 430/al 1050 /aisi 304 tabakalı kompozitlerde isıl işlemin ara yüzey ve mekanik özelliklere etkisi(2022) Demırtaş, Hüseyin; Incesu, AlperBu çalışmada, haddeleme işlemi ile AISI 304 östenitik paslanmaz çelik ve AISI 430 ferritik paslanmaz çelik sacları araya ticari saflıkta 1050 alüminyum levha konularak lamine kompozit üretilmiştir. Üretim sonrası farklı sıcaklık ve sürede ısıl işlem uygulanmış kompozit plakaların ara yüzey bağ mukavemeti, mikroyapısı ve mekanik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Kompozitlerin mekanik özellikleri çekme testi, mikro sertlik ölçümü, sıyırma testi ile belirlenmiş, taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ve enerji dağılımı spektroskopisi (EDS) ile karakterize edilmiştir. Uygulanan ısıl işlem parametreleri arasında yüksek mekanik özellik (434,95MPa) ve süneklik (%27,16) sağlaması yönünden ve işlem kolaylığı bakımından 450?C-12 h uygun görülmüştür. 550?C’de 12 h yapılan ısıl işlem sonrasında ise katmanlar arasındaki bağ kuvvetinin sıfıra yakın bir değere düştüğü belirlenmiştir.Öğe Investigation of Tribocorrosion Properties of Titanium Implant used in Orthopedics(Ieee, 2022) Irmak, Emrah; Ugurlu, Bilal; Incesu, AlperA titanium implant is a mechanical system that undergoes tribocorrosion at the interface between the implant and the abutment alloy, where material degradation is common. When various titanium implant materials, which are used to fix the bones broken by trauma or to replace a joint or bones, such as osteoporosis, are exposed to a simulated body fluid (SBF), the effects of wear and corrosion phenomena in these titanium implant materials are observed to be determined quantitatively. For the samples extracted from Titanium-Ti6Al4V screws belonging to two different companies (A and B), very important parameters for tribocorrosion such as wear rate, depth of wear and corrosion rate were determined experimentally in the laboratory environment. The results were examined how suitable titanium is to resist material loss in body implants due to both wear and corrosion. In addition, it was determined that the wear rates obtained from the sample belonging to company B were more stable than those of company A, and the corrosion rates (0.0047 mm/year) obtained from the sample of company A were lower than those of company B.Öğe Isıl işlemin bakır kaplı çelik boruların mekanik özelliklerine etkisinin araştırılması(2023) Koyuncu, Ozan; Çelik, Burak; Akgül, Yasin; Incesu, AlperBakır kaplı çelik borular, özellikle otomobil fren sistemleri olmak üzere birçok ürünün hidrolik sistemlerinin temel bileşenleridir. Otomotiv endüstrisinde kullanılmak üzere üretilen bakır kaplı çelik boruların sahip olmaları gereken mekanik özellikler kabul kriterleri ile belirlenmiştir. Ancak bu mekanik özelliklerin yanı sıra üretim aşamasında havşa açma gibi prosesler için boruların şekillendirilme kabiliyetleri (süneklilikleri) de oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, ısıl işlem ile bakır kaplı çelik boruların süneklilik değerlerinin iyileştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, ısıl işlemsiz bakır kaplı çelik borunun ve 6 farklı ısıl işlem parametresi ile elde edilmiş bakır kaplı çelik boruların mikroyapısal ve mekanik özellikleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Optimum tavlama ısıl işlem parametresi ile 450 °C ve 120 dk. ’da 118,7±0,6 HV Vickers sertlik, 315,7±0,6 MPa çekme mukavemeti, 262,7±10,3 MPa akma mukavemeti, 36,9±0,9% kopma uzaması ve 1260 Bar patlatma dayanım değerleri elde edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla, ısıl işlem ile bakır kaplı çelik borunun sırasıyla, sertlik, çekme mukavemeti, akma mukavemeti, patlatma dayanımı değerlerinde yaklaşık %7,05 düşüş, %8,84 düşüş, %6,49 artış, %16,00 düşüş görülürken kopma uzamasında ise yaklaşık %55,04 artış gerçekleştiği elde edilen sonuçlardan görülmüştür.Öğe Mechanical characterisation of laminated composite AISI 430/304 stainless steels with 1050 Al alloy interlayer Caracterisation mecanique des aciers inoxydables composites lamines AISI 430/304 avec couche intermediaire d'alliage d'Al 1050(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Demirtas, Huseyin; Incesu, Alper; Atay, GokhanIn this study, multilayered metal composites of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) / aluminum alloy (AA 1050) / ferritic stainless steel (AISI 430) are investigated in rolled and heat-treated (350C for 24 h) forms comparatively. SEM analysis, tensile test, peel test, bending test, and Vickers microhardness measurement were applied to reveal the microstructural characterisation and mechanical properties of composites. The presence of Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13 phases are detected in the microstructure investigations, however, significantly thick intermetallic phases were not observed at the interfaces of the laminates. Tensile test results show no significant change in strength despite the increase in ductility after heat treatment. The highest strength of 329.4 MPa and the highest elongation of 26.1% is obtained from the heat-treated condition. The highest interface bond strength is observed at AA1050 / AISI 430 interface after heat treatment. No separation is observed between the layers after bending to a 60 angle. A decrease is observed in the hardness values of all layers with the heat treatment. Thus, it has been demonstrated how significant the heat treatment temperature and time, as well as the rolling temperature, are for better interface interaction and mechanical properties for layered composites.Öğe Mechanical properties and biodegradability of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys: homogenization heat treatment and hot rolling(Springer, 2020) Incesu, Alper; Gungor, AliIn this study, Mg was alloyed with Zn and Ca to produce six different Mg-Zn-Ca alloys (designated as ZX alloys) by the gravity die casting method. Zn contents of the alloys were 1 wt., 3 wt., and 5 wt.% and Ca contents of the alloys were 0.2 wt. and 1.8 wt.%. Homogenization heat treatment was applied to all cast alloys. After that, a part of each homogenization heat-treated alloys was hot-rolled. Microstructure, mechanical properties, electrochemical and immersion corrosion behaviors at simulated physiological conditions of the heat-treated and hot-rolled alloys were compared. Increasing the amount of alloying elements (Zn and Ca) in Mg reduces grain size and improves the hardness. It was seen that the microstructure consisted of alpha -Mg as a matrix phase and intermetallic phases: Mg2Ca phase for the alloy having Zn/Ca=0.37 (ZX12) and Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase for the other alloys. When the mechanical properties and corrosion rates of homogenized and hot-rolled alloys were compared, it was seen that hot-rolled ZX10-h (Mg-0.94Zn-0.16Ca) alloy can be considered as a fracture bone fixation plate material with its acceptable properties: 1212.1MPa yield strength, 2263.7MPa tensile strength, % 4.1 +/- 0.2 elongation, and 0.062mm/year immersion corrosion rate.Öğe Microstructural, Biomechanical, and In Vitro Studies of Ti-Nb-Zr Alloys Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy(Mdpi, 2023) Karakurt, Eyyup Murat; Cetin, Yuksel; Incesu, Alper; Demirtas, Huseyin; Kaya, Mehmet; Yildizhan, Yasemin; Tosun, MerveThis study investigated the microstructures, mechanical performances, corrosion resistances, and in vitro studies of porous Ti-xNb-10Zr (x: 10 and 20; at. %) alloys. The alloys were fabricated by powder metallurgy with two categories of porosities, i.e., 21-25% and 50-56%, respectively. The space holder technique was employed to generate the high porosities. Microstructural analysis was performed by using various methods including scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and x-ray diffraction. Corrosion resistance was assessed via electrochemical polarisation tests, while mechanical behavior was determined by uniaxial compressive tests. In vitro studies, such as cell viability and proliferation, adhesion potential, and genotoxicity, were examined by performing an MTT assay, fibronectin adsorption, and plasmid-DNA interaction assay. Experimental results showed that the alloys had a dual-phase microstructure composed of finely dispersed acicular hcp & alpha;-Ti needles in the bcc & beta;-Ti matrix. The ultimate compressive strength ranged from 1019 MPa to 767 MPa for alloys with 21-25% porosities and from 173 MPa to 78 MPa for alloys with 50-56% porosities. Noted that adding a space holder agent played a more critical role in the mechanical behaviors of the alloys compared to adding niobium. The pores were largely open and exhibited irregular shapes, with uniform size distribution, allowing for cell ingrowth. Histological analysis showed that the alloys studied met the biocompatibility criteria required for orthopaedic biomaterial use.Öğe Microstructural, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Mg-3Al-1Sn-1Nd-Mn Alloy(Springer, 2021) Kara, Ismail Hakki; Incesu, AlperIn this study, Mg-3Al-1Sn-1Nd-Mn alloy was produced by low-pressure die casting method and homogenization heat treated (HHT) at 400 degrees C for 16 hrs. Microstructural characterization of the alloy was done by XRF, XRD, LOM and SEM-EDS analyses. The microstructure of the alloy was composed of alpha-Mg, Al2Nd and Al11Nd3 phases. Hot rolling was applied to the HHT alloy at two different speeds 13.78 rpm [low speed rolling (LSR)] and 26.96 rpm [high-speed rolling (HSR)] at 350 degrees C. Microstructural changes were also carried out by LOM and SEM analyses. Mechanical properties (hardness and tensile properties) and wear performances of HHT, LSR and HSR samples were compared. SEM fractography was conducted on tension test samples to visualize the deformation and fracture behaviors. Also, worn surfaces of samples were investigated by SEM-EDS analysis. Abrasive, oxidation and delamination mechanisms were observed for worn surfaces of samples. To sum up, the mechanical properties of the HSR sample were higher compared to the HHT and LSR samples, and the wear rate was lower than HHT and LSR samples.Öğe Phase selection and mechanical properties of permanent-mold cast Mg-Al-Ca-Mn alloys and the role of Ca/Al ratio(Elsevier Science Sa, 2018) Elamami, Hamid Ali; Incesu, Alper; Korgiopoulos, Konstantinos; Pekguleryuz, Mihriban; Gungor, AliIn this work, phase selection, microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Al-Ca-Mn alloys with three different Ca/Al ratios (0.58, 0.79 and 0.91) were studied. The Mn content of the alloys was kept constant at similar to 0.30 wt%. Thermodynamic non-equilibrium (Scheil) simulations, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) determined that all three alloys contain alpha-Mg solid solution phase, Al8Mn5 intermetallics and, depending on the Ca/Al ratio, combinations of C36-(Mg,Al)(2)Ca (hP24 a = 0.577-0.586 nm, c = 1.819-1.835 nm), binary C14-Mg2Ca (hP12, a = 0.620 nm c =1.023 nm), ternary C14-Mg2Ca (hP12, a = 0.561-0.599 nm, c =1.025 -1.051 nm), and/or C15-Al2Ca (cF24, a = 0.793 nm) Laves phases. It is observed that Ca/Al ratio shows a direct relationship with the total amounts of Laves intermetallics and the amount of the C36 phase, and an indirect relationship with the amount of C14 phase. Microhardness measurements, room and elevated temperature (150 degrees C and 200 degrees C) tensile tests, as well as tensile creep tests (175 degrees C/50 MPa), were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the alloys. Results show that the hardness and room temperature yield and ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) increase while the ductility at all temperatures decreases with increasing Ca/Al ratio. At elevated temperatures, in the range of Ca/Al ratios investigated, the UTS has a relationship with the dissolved amount of Ca and Mn in the alpha-Mg phase. Creep strain was found to decrease from 0.35% to 0.05% as Ca/Al increases from 0.6 to 0.9 and as the amount of the C36 phase which can strengthen grain boundaries increases. One order of magnitude improvement seen in creep resistance as the Ca/Al ratio increases from 0.6 to 0.8 is attributable to the presence of C36 and C14 phases rather than C36 and thermally unstable C15 phase in the alloys and to the increased amounts of dissolved Mn and Ca in the a-Mg matrix. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Reference material development process for tensile test method(Pamukkale Univ, 2022) Incesu, Alper; Ercan, Betul; Cevik, Engin; Akgul, YasinReference materials (RMs) are one of the basic materials used by the laboratories to prove the reliability of their test results. In this research, preliminary studies have been carried out to develop RM to use in tensile tests according to ISO 6892-1. For this purpose, bone shape flat specimens were prepared from EN 10130:2006 quality 1 mm thick sheet steel related to the given standard. Homogeneity tests and inter-laboratory comparison tests were performed for calculation of measurement uncertainty and value assignment of proposed RM. Results were compared with commercial certified reference materials (CRMs). It was found that relative uncertainty values of the proposed RM were coherent with commercial CRMs. Therefore, these produced RM can be used in quality control studies for laboratories, also by the production route proposed in this study, every laboratory can be produced RM related to their needs.
