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Öğe Automatic Detection and Mapping of Dolines Using U-Net Model from Orthophoto Images(Mdpi, 2023) Polat, Ali; Keskin, Inan; Polat, OzlemA doline is a natural closed depression formed as a result of karstification, and it is the most common landform in karst areas. These depressions damage many living areas and various engineering structures, and this type of collapse event has created natural hazards in terms of human safety, agricultural activities, and the economy. Therefore, it is important to detect dolines and reveal their properties. In this study, a solution that automatically detects dolines is proposed. The proposed model was employed in a region where many dolines are found in the northwestern part of Sivas City, Turkey. A U-Net model with transfer learning techniques was applied for this task. DenseNet121 gave the best results for the segmentation of the dolines via ResNet34, and EfficientNetB3 and DenseNet121 were used with the U-Net model. The Intersection over Union (IoU) and F-score were used as model evaluation metrics. The IoU and F-score of the DenseNet121 model were calculated as 0.78 and 0.87 for the test data, respectively. Dolines were successfully predicted for the selected test area. The results were converted into a georeferenced vector file. The doline inventory maps can be easily and quickly created using this method. The results can be used in geomorphology, susceptibility, and site selection studies. In addition, this method can be used to segment other landforms in earth science studies.Öğe Comparative Study of Swelling Pressure in Expansive Soils considering Different Initial Water Contents and BOFS Stabilization(Hindawi Ltd, 2023) Keskin, Inan; Salimi, Mahdi; Ateysen, Eylem Ozge; Kahraman, Selman; Vakili, Amir HosseinIn terms of geotechnical engineering, swelling soils are among the most important soil groups whose characteristics should be determined in detail before design studies. These types of soils cause significant damage to engineering structures. For this reason, it is expected that the swelling behavior of the soils will be known in advance to minimize the damage that may occur in the structures. Within the scope of this study, the swelling pressures of bentonite clay with 10 different water content were determined by keeping all conditions the same to reveal the effect of water content on soil swelling behavior. In this context, bentonite-type (montmorillonite content) clay, which has a very swelling property when it comes in contact with water, was used in the experiments. The fixed volume swelling pressure test method was used in the experiments and all samples were compressed at the same rate and placed in the swelling test device. In all samples left to swell with pure water, measurements were made for 10 days and the effects of swelling pressures on the initial water content were discussed. Thereafter, another swelling soil was stabilized using basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) during different curing times, and after performing the swelling pressure test, the results were compared with the findings obtained from different initial water contents. According to the results, while the swelling pressures increase in the regions close to optimum water content, significant decreases are observed in swelling pressure values in wetter and drier regions than in optimum water content. Finally, the results indicated that the application of BOFS, albeit small, after the proper curing time can significantly affect the swelling behavior of bentonite, even more than changing the initial water content.Öğe A Comparison Study between Traditional and Finite Element Methods for Slope Stability Evaluations(Springer India, 2018) Goktepe, Fatih; Keskin, InanLandslides are amongst the major disasters that have occurred in Karabuk, Turkey. Due to the rapid increase in population movement to new habitats in urban areas, the need for engineering structures will increase. This condition has led to the construction of arts, cultural facilities and housing in insecure regions these days. The excavations to prepare the construction site, the external loads due to heavy structures and the changes in coverage of the earth surface are among the reasons for landslides in such areas. In this study, the landslides that occurred due to unsupported excavation for the construction of Karabuk university stadium were analyzed using the three softwares like Plaxis, Geoslope and Slide. The study area is critical in terms of slope problems. Mass movement in the stadium occurred in high plasticity clay units containing sand and silt. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out detailed studies before the construction of engineering structures. The landslide considered in the study were analyzed using finite element (FE) analysis and slice method. These approaches are used for evaluating the stability of natural slope by considering a failure mechanism, which is known as the plastic limit condition. Regarding safety factors calculated using the different numerical solutions confirm that the results obtained are similar. In addition, the landslide area is close to the predicted simulation results.Öğe Dynamic response, durability, and carbon footprint analysis of the marl clay treated with sodium lignosulfonate as a sustainable-environmentally friendly approach(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Keskin, Inan; Salimi, Mahdi; Kol, Hamiyet Sahin; Onur, Mehmet Inanc; Abdullah, Abdulhadi Imhmed Abdulsalam; Awam, Awass Hamad MohamedIn the current study, the marl clay was improved by different contents of sodium lignosulfonate (NLS) and cured at different times and then, all samples were subjected to Bender Element (BE), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and Brazilian Tensile Strength (BTS) tests considering two different dry condition (DC) and wet condition (WC). The durability of the samples was further controlled by a special technique, namely the soaking test. The carbon footprint analysis was undertaken for a low-volume trench project to address the sustainability benefits associated with replacing cement and lime as traditional stabilizers with NLS. The results show that the reuse of NLS as a non-traditional alternative for stabilizing marl soil can play an influential role in improving dynamic parameters as well as sustainable development. It has been observed that the CO2 emission decreases up to 5.6 and 4.4 times compared to lime and cement, respectively. Additionally, the use of NLS enhances the UCS by 249%, BTS by 208%, and small strain shear modulus by 117%. Furthermore, reducing the adverse effects of the WC on soil properties, among others, was the main finding of utilizing the NLS in marl stabilization with curing time. NLS-treated marl samples were able to preserve the integrity of their particles even after being soaked in water for a period of 3 weeks. In contrast, the particles of the untreated sample started to disintegrate within a few seconds of initiating the soaking test. Finally, possible equations correlating the dynamic and static moduli were reported in this study.Öğe Effects of polyvinyl acetate content on contact erosion parameters of pavement embankment constructed by dispersive soils(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Salimi, Mahdi; Keskin, Inan; Abujazar, Mohammed Shadi S.; Shamsi, MohammadThis study deals with the contact erosion investigation and mechanical properties of both the un-stabilized and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)-stabilized dispersive embankment layer. To this end, in addition to performing the specific dispersivity identification tests, i.e. pinhole and double hydrometer tests and contact erosion test for measuring the contact erosion parameters, a series of basic geotechnical tests was carried out. The microstructural changes with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test and financial analysis were studied respectively to understand underlying mechanisms of stabilization and to estimate the economic benefits owing to PVAc addition. The results indicated that 2% PVAc content was the most effective proportion such that it decreased the dispersion potential, mass loss, and settlement of the dispersive soil by 69.6%, 70.5%, and 68.5% respectively, and at the same time, the strength of the samples increased by 107.4% only after 7 days of curing. The reaction between the polarity carboxyl hydrophilic group of PVAc and the hydroxyl group of the soil led to form the strong hydrogen bonds, and therefore, the structure stability and strength of the soil were enhanced. The formation of reticulated membrane structures and stronger bonds between soil particles, as documented by SEM images, testified to the excellent efficiency of PVAc in dispersive soil stabilization. Finally, the accuracy of available correlations between soil dispersivity and contact erosion parameters was examined, and then, the correlations were developed to cover a broad range of soils by using the results of this study.Öğe An Environmentally Friendly Approach to Soil Improvement with by-Product of the Manufacture of Iron(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Keskin, Inan; Senturk, Ibrahim; Yumrutas, Halil Ibrahim; Totic, Ermedin; Ates, AliBlast furnace slag has been used for many years in various applications related to civil engineering. Many studies have created a wide variety of cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions for this industrial byproduct. This study aims to contribute to the performance evaluations of the usability of the blast furnace slag for soil improvement and the effects of the additive ratio and curing time. Bentonite samples were prepared with the addition of blast furnace slag at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ratios by weight at optimum water content (wopt). Results were evaluated using the liquid limit, plastic limit, unconfined compressive strength, and swelling tests performed after 1, 7, 14, and 28 days of curing time. Results revealed that the liquid limit value decreased, and the unconfined compressive strength increased with increasing curing time and blast fumace slag ratio in the mixture. Additionally, swelling pressure generally decreased with increasing slag contribution and curing time. The lowest values of the unconfined compressive strength were observed on the 7th day of curing time, and the minimum value was obtained at 10% mixing ratio. The highest unconfined compressive strength values were observed on the 28th days of curing time. The optimum mixing ratio was 5%.Öğe Evaluation of rock falls in an urban area: the case of Bogazici (Erzincan/Turkey)(Springer, 2013) Keskin, InanDisasters caused by events such as earthquake, flooding, rock falls, landslides are often encountered. However, generally, the reasons for the destructive and devastating effects of these nature events are that settlement locations were chosen without site investigation studies, or that available studies were inadequate. Such inadequacies in the field are related to inappropriate settlement location and the resulting damage caused by rock falls. This study evaluated rockfall risk in a settlement that developed in a similar manner. The study was carried out in Bogazi double dagger i village of Kemah (Erzincan/Turkey), which is located in a very important tectonic zone. The study site is located on the lower sections of an area with very steep cliffs and 50-75A degrees slopes. This cliff, which is the source of rockfalls, has a slope dip of approximately 90A degrees. The cliff comprises 25-30 m high, fractured and cracked basaltic volcanic mass. To determine block size in the study area, scanline survey measurements and block size measurements were performed on blocks that loosened and fell from the cliff face. It was found that block sizes reached 6 m(3). Rockfall analyses were performed along the selected profiles using the Rockfall V.4.0 software. Kinetic energy, bounce height, horizontal location of rock end-points, and velocity of the rocks along each section were evaluated separately for each profile. This data were used to produce distribution maps for each profile and the settlement was evaluated in terms of rockfall risk. The results indicate that the study area was at risk of future rockfalls and that it would be appropriate to relocate one part of the settlement.Öğe An evaluation on effects of surface explosion on underground tunnel; availability of ABAQUS Finite element method(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Keskin, Inan; Ahmed, Mohammed Yadgar; Taher, Nichirvan Ramadhan; Gor, Mesut; Abdulsamad, Balen ZrarTunnels are a paramount infrastructure due to the vast array of their uses. Despite all the safety measures taken during the design stages, tunnels still possess the weakness of being vulnerable to the effect of ground surface explosions, as the impact of such events can potentially cause the collapse of the whole structure, or parts of it, and hence leads to loss of lives. This paper utilizes Finite Element Methods (FEM) by using Abaqus/CAE software to examine the behavior of the underground circle-shaped tunnel when subjected to an impact load generated by ground-surface explosions. First, the FEM model was validated using the results of the experimental results available in the literature. After obtaining a reasonable agreement between the results of the FEM simulation and the experimental test model, then the software was used to determine the effect of the ground-surface explosion on an underground circle-shaped tunnel. The results exhibited that there is a good agreement between the surface crater size of the validation model and the crater size of the experimental test. Moreover, the intensity of explosion pressure on subsurface soil of the validation model on FEM gives the same result as obtained from the experimental test. The FEM simulation result indicated that the concrete lining and embedded steel rebar cage of the tunnel attain almost the same pressure profiles during the explosion period. In addition, air pressure was increased during the explosion period, which is in agreement with what has been proven in the literature.Öğe An Evaluation on the Thermal Conductivity of Soil: Effect of Density, Water Content and Calcium Concentration(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2023) Keskin, Inan; Handar, Ali Mohamed K.; Hamuda, Salah S.Population expansion is one of the factors that contribute to an increase in the demand for basic necessities including water, food, and energy. These primary requirements have a significant impact on the environment and energy production. With the changes in technology and living conditions, the importance of the thermal conductivity of the soil has increased day by day. This study focuses on discussing the parameters that can affect the thermal conductivity properties of soils using the data obtained from a series of thermal conductivity tests on poorly graded sand from the Tripoli University campus (Libya). In this context, the effect of bulk density, moisture content, and calcium concentration, on the thermal conductivity of soils was investigated through laboratory studies in this study. The thermal conductivity of soil, using a single probe and the Steady-State Heat Flux was determined on three series of soil samples. The test series consists of samples with different water content (W Series), samples with lime added at different rates keeping the water content constant at 10% (L Series), and samples prepared at different densities by keeping the water content constant at 10% (D Series). The series showing the best results regarding the thermal conductivity of the soil is listed as the W series, D series, and L series. The maximum thermal conductivity was obtained with 3.41 W/m.? in the WTS20 batch in the W series.Öğe Innovative application of recycled waste biopolymers to enhance the efficiency of traditional compacted clay liners of landfill systems: Mitigating leachate impact(Elsevier, 2024) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Awam, Awass; Keskin, InanThis study explores the potential of sodium lignosulfonate (NLS) biopolymer to enhance the properties of compacted clay liner (CCL) in landfill systems, leading to recycling and reusing NLS for innovative applications. To do so, a series of tests, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), bender element (BE), SEM, XRD, XRF, and FTIR tests, were performed. To simulate the actual conditions of fields and durability analysis, four scenarios were determined including mixing CCL with either water or leachate and testing them under dry (DC) or wet conditions (WC) by either soaking in water or leachate. All these methods were applied to CCL stabilized with different NLS contents (up to 1.5 %) and cured at various times (up to 90 days). The results verified that, even in the worst-case scenario of soaking in leachate, the addition of 1 % NLS significantly enhanced the performance of CCLs, reducing the voids percentage by 85.5 % and increasing both strength and shear wave velocity by 52 % and 40 %, respectively. SEM-EDX and FTIR findings confirmed the potential of NLS, even in the presence of leachate, to create electrostatic attraction among the clay particles, develop polymer chains around them, and promote the formation of denser microstructures.Öğe Investigating the impact of travertine powder on strength and permeability of swelling clay(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Keskin, Inan; Arslan, Omer; Vakili, Amir HosseinStabilization of swelling soils with high volume change potential is an important topic in geotechnical engineering because irreversible and catastrophic damages will occur if they are not appropriately managed. This study aimed to determine the effect of travertine powder on the swelling, strength, and permeability properties of weak and swellable soils. Within the scope of the study, soil improvement performance of travertine powder, which can be used as a soil improvement tool, was analyzed in detail, and the effect of travertine powder on the hydraulic and strength properties of the soil was discussed comparatively. Waste powder from travertine quarries taken from Eskipazar (Turkey) and Bentonite clay with high swelling potential taken from Tokat (Turkey) was used in the study. Samples were prepared by adding 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of travertine powder to the Bentonite, and these mixtures were cured for 0-7-14-21-28-35 and 42-day periods. Unconfined compressive strength test, direct shear test, swelling pressure, and permeability tests were then conducted on each of the cured-stabilized samples. While the permeability coefficient, unconfined compressive strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle of bentonite samples with the additive increased over the curing time, the swelling pressure value decreased. The addition of travertine led to a substantial enhancement in the unconfined compressive strength (by 35%), internal friction angle (by 350), and cohesion (by 26%), while simultaneously reducing the swelling pressure by 58%. These findings emphasize that travertine powder enhances weak and swellable soils, offering an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution for improving engineering properties.Öğe Investigation of Soil Liquefaction Potential around Efteni Lake in Duzce Turkey: Using Empirical Relationships between Shear Wave Velocity and SPT Blow Count (N)(Hindawi Ltd, 2014) Ates, Ali; Keskin, Inan; Totic, Ermedin; Yesil, BurakEvaluation of the liquefaction potential of a liquefaction-prone area is important for geotechnical earthquake engineering, both for assessment for site selection and for planning and new constructions. The liquefaction potential index for the city of Duzce in northwestern Turkey using the empirical relationships between the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and the Shear Wave Velocity Test (V-s) was investigated in this study. After, V-s values based on SPT blow counts (N) were obtained from the alluvial soils in the city of Duzce. The liquefaction potential indexes of the soils were determined using the empirical relationships between the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and the Shear Wave Velocity Test (V-s) calculating for a probable earthquake of M-w = 7.2. In the result of the study, the liquefaction potential index (LPI) values were interpreted and compared evaluating the SPT N blow count values obtained from the study area. Based on the empirical relationships assumed for the soils, it was observed that there was not a perfect agreement between the results of the two methods. The liquefaction potential index values using the SPT N blow counts were found to be lower than those of the V-s method.Öğe Kinematic Analysis and Rockfall Assessment of Rock Slope at the UNESCO World Heritage city (Safranbolu/Turkey)(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2022) Keskin, Inan; Polat, AliRockfall is one of the most significant natural hazards affecting human life. Preparing and triggering natural factors of rockfalls caused by geological conditions, in general, are mainly earthquakes, precipitation, freeze-thaw, physical and chemical weathering, joints in the rock mass, tree roots, etc. Initial velocity, weight, type and shape of the falling rock as well as the type of rock forming the slope mainly control the characteristics of boulder falling. This paper deals with rockfalls affecting Safranbolu, a UNESCO World Heritage site in Turkey. Scan-line surveys were performed to define the geologic properties of the limestone rock mass and joint properties in the study area. Kinematic analyses have been made for the slopes in the study area, considering the main joint sets, and failure potentials have been determined. A series of rockfall simulations were carried out using computer software, and rockfall zone maps were created with kinetic energy, bounce height, horizontal location of rock endpoints and velocity of the rocks.Öğe Morphometric and geological features of karstic depressions in gypsum (Sivas, Turkey)(Springer, 2016) Keskin, Inan; Yilmaz, IsikGypsum covers an area of approximately 5 % in Turkey and is mainly found in Sivas basin. Gypsum in the Sivas basin includes many karst structures with various sizes and has a variety of forms that present different conditions offering different morphometric features. Two basic shapes of karstic terrain are reflected in this area offering a wide variety of gypsum karst. The first of these are dissolution dolines which constitute the polygonal karst areas, and the second one is collapse dolines which is deeper karst depressions formed by roof collapse and the accompanying of solutions. The aim of this study was to determine and identify general characteristics of doline in the study area using morphometric measurements and calculations. Density of dolin is very high in study area. The source of the dolines data included 1/25,000 scale digital maps containing elevation and several cartographic attribute interpretations, a very demanding field work and satellite images. The parameters calculated for the study area include depression length, width, orientation, area, perimeter, depth, circularity index, depression density, circularity index, length/width ratio and major axis orientation. This study describes an application of geographic information systems to examine the morphometric and geological features of gypsum karst in Sivas basin. The effect of geologic, structural, and hydrogeologic variables on the morphometry and spatial distribution of depressions are discussed in the study.Öğe Preventing and Analysis of Falling Rocks: A Case of Sarica Village (Gurun, Turkey)(Springer India, 2016) Polat, Ali; Keskin, Inan; Denizli, IrfanRock fall is a common natural hazard causing significant damage to infrastructure and loss of life and property. This paper describes selection of prevention method, construction processes and the results of a rockfall hazard assessment for the village of Sarica (Gurun region, Turkey) based on an engineering-geological model. The study area is located on the lower parts of an area with very steep cliffs and 40-500 slopes with fractured sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Detailed studies have been conducted in the region to prevent the risk of any rockfalls. Maps and charts are prepared including the rock blocks that are likely to fall and the related housing area under the risk. It was found that block sizes reached 3 m(3). Rockfall analyses were performed along the selected profiles using the Rocfall V.5.0 software. Kinetic energy, bounce height, horizontal location of rock end-points and velocity of the rocks along each section were evaluated separately for each profile. This data was used to select design and construction of rockfall preventing system. In this study professional type rock fall barrier (catchment fence) was used. This method was chosen because it was cheaper, more practical and reliable than others.Öğe Rock mass parameters based doline susceptibility mapping in gypsum terrain(Geological Soc Publ House, 2015) Yilmaz, Isik; Keskin, Inan; Marschalko, MarianRock in nature is observed as a rock mass that is a discontinuous medium with features including joints, faults, fissures, fractures and bedding planes. Interaction of the intact rock blocks with the discontinuities mainly controls the rock mass behaviour under applied stress. Therefore a detailed description of the discontinuities in rocks, their structure and their condition can provide valuable insights into potential rock mass behaviour. Although the rock mass characteristics in terms of discontinuities are very important for the stability of underground openings, they have never been considered as a conditioning factor of doline susceptibility analyses. In this paper, preparation of a doline susceptibility map based on the rock mass parameters is proposed. Three doline susceptibility models (based on conventional affecting factors (geological, hydrological, topographical, land use factors and vegetation cover), rock mass parameters, and both sets of factors combined) were produced and their validation performances and accuracies were compared. According to the comparison of the three models, the most realistic and accurate doline susceptibility model was implemented from the combined parameters. However, the accuracy of the model obtained from the doline susceptibility map based on rock mass parameters was distinctly higher than that of the first model, which is based on conventionally used conditioning factors. Validation analyses of the maps indicated that the method and conditioning factors in terms of rock mass parameters included in the models can be considered as satisfactory. Although a precise map was obtained in this study considering the rock mass parameters, the results of this paper do not claim that the parameters considered are sufficient to construct a precise doline susceptibility map, as there may be other site-specific factors affecting doline occurrence that were not included in the analyses in this study because of the characteristics of the study area. This paper particularly points out that the rock mass parameters must be included in doline susceptibility analyses together with the other factors.Öğe A simulation on soil structure interaction with ABAQUS; effect on the behavior of a concrete building of soil layers and earthquake properties(Gazi Univ, 2024) Ahmed, Mohammed Yadgar; Keskin, InanIn this article, the effect of soil properties and earthquakes on a structure built in a multi-layer foundation soil is studied using Abaqus/CAE. Single foundations are one of the most common types of foundations traditionally required to support buildings in earthquake-prone regions. Most researchers work on the dynamic interaction between the foundation and the soil, which can affect the response of the building during earthquakes due to the type of earthquake and the properties of the soil layer. In this paper, four different earthquakes were applied to a reinforced concrete building constructed in two-layer soils with very different soil properties, and a discussion on soil-structure interaction was opened using Abaqus software. In the analysis, a layered soil is simulated with 4 different models (soft-hard, hard-soft). Through these analyses, the influence of the different soil layers (soft and hard), the building displacement and the frequency content of the earthquake were studied. According to the result of the analysis, it is important to consider the earthquake characteristics, the soil properties, and the type of foundation in the dynamic soil-structure interaction.Öğe Solidification and utilization of municipal solid waste incineration ashes: Advancements in alkali-activated materials and stabilization techniques, a review(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Jamalimoghadam, Mohammad; Vakili, Amir Hossein; Keskin, Inan; Totonchi, Arash; Bahmyari, HosseinResearchers are actively investigating methodologies for the detoxification and utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWIBA) and Fly Ash (MSWIFA), given their potential as alkali-activated materials (AAMs) with low energy consumption. Recent studies highlight that AAMs from MSWIFA and MSWIBA demonstrate significant durability in both acidic and alkaline environments. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the processes for producing MSWIFA and MSWIBA, evaluating innovative engineering stabilization techniques such as graphene nano-platelets and lightweight artificial cold-bonded aggregates, along with their respective advantages and limitations. Additionally, this review meticulously incorporates relevant reactions. Recommendations are also presented to guide future research endeavors aimed at refining these methodologies.Öğe A systematic review of strategies for identifying and stabilizing dispersive clay soils for sustainable infrastructure(Elsevier, 2024) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Salimi, Mahdi; Keskin, Inan; Jamalimoghadam, MohammadDispersivity has long been a major concern in civil and geo-environmental engineering, as well as in agricultural engineering and soil sciences. Dispersive clay soils are common, but their prevalence and characteristics vary greatly across different regions of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. These soils are highly unstable and prone to erosion when exposed to water, due to their high concentration of exchangeable sodium ions and large specific surfaces. This can cause serious damage to hydraulic infrastructure. However, identifying and stabilizing dispersive clay soils is crucial for infrastructure projects, as the use of untreated soils can result in irreversible and catastrophic failures due to internal erosion and piping. The systematic management of dispersive clays is crucial to prevent the wastage of fertile agricultural land and land designated for engineering construction. Although industrialization has numerous benefits, it often results in large quantities of waste byproducts that must be managed appropriately to reduce their environmental impact. The reuse of these wastes in soil improvement has become an increasingly popular approach to address both environmental pollution and cost-effectiveness concerns. Despite the growing interest in using waste by-products for soil stabilization, there is a lack of a systematic and comprehensive review of the management, mechanisms, identification systems, and improvement strategies for both traditional and non-traditional stabilizers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to review the available literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of the use of waste by-products for soil stabilization. Such a review could aid in the creation of soil stabilization methods that are both efficient and enduring while minimizing the environmental impact of waste by-products.
