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    Investigating the efficacy of nanoclay particles in controlling the contact erosion behavior of dispersive clays
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Khajeh, Aghileh; Salimi, Mahdi; Patino, Juan Pablo Ocampo; Yaghoubi, Saeed
    Erosion behavior at the interface of different layers is a critical consideration in pavement design and construction. Especially, this issue poses a particular challenge in dispersive clays, which are prone to excessive erosion. The current paper focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of nanoclay in stabilizing and mitigating the contact erosion behavior of dispersive clays. To do so, a range of experimental testing, including double hydrometer, pinhole, contact erosion and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests was employed. The findings revealed that incorporating 0.75% nanoclay content yielded significant results, leading to a remarkable 391% increase in the UCS, a notable 58% reduction in dispersivity potential (DP), a 53% decrease in eroded soil mass, and a 29% decrease in the dispersive clay settlement after a 28-day curing period. Additionally, new exponential correlations were successfully developed between soil dispersivity and contact erosion parameters (CEPs) with high coefficients of determination using over 50 contact erosion test results. To facilitate the estimation of CEPs, the values were made dimensionless including the ratios of eroded soil mass (m/m0), settlement (S/H), and void ratio (ef-e0/e0). Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microstructural image processing (MIP) confirmed the filling between soil particles and the reduction of the number of voids due to nanoclay incorporation into dispersive clays.
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    A state-of-the-art review on the application of lignosulfonate as a green alternative in soil stabilization
    (Elsevier, 2024) Khajeh, Aghileh; Nazari, Zeynab; Movahedrad, Mehran; Vakili, Amir Hossein
    The utilization of lignosulfonate (LS) as a naturally derived biopolymer sourced from lignin in soil stabilization has gained significant attention in recent years. Its intermolecular interaction, hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects, adhesive and binding properties, erosion control abilities, compatibility with various soil types, and environmental sustainability make it a promising alternative to traditional soil stabilizers as well as highlighting its importance. By integrating LS into soil stabilization practices, soil properties can be enhanced, and an ecofriendlier approach can be adopted in the construction sector. This comprehensive review paper extensively examines the applications and structure of LS, as well as their efficacy and mechanisms on a micro-level scale. Afterward, it discusses the geotechnical characteristics of LS-treated soils, including consistency characteristics, dispersivity properties and erosion behavior, electrical conductivity, compaction parameters, permeability and hydraulic conductivity, compressibility characteristics, swelling potential, strength and stiffness properties, durability, and cyclic loading response. In general, LS incorporation into the soils could enhance the geotechnical properties. For instance, the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of fine-grained soils was observed to improve up to 105 %, while in the case of granular soils, the improvement can be as high as 450 %. This review also examines the economic and environmental efficiency, as well as challenges and ways forward related to LS stabilization. This can lead to economic and environmental benefits given the abundance of LS as a plant polymer for cleaner production and owing to its carbon neutrality and renewability.