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Öğe Al2O3/SiO2 nanoparticles-coated TiO2 catalyst on the exhaust pollutants of a diesel engine(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Ergani, Songul Kaskun; Kocaman, Ayhan; Akinay, YukselIn this study, the effect of the catalytic converter (cc) coated with Al2O3/SiO2/TiO2 catalyst on the exhaust emissions of CO, NOX and HC was measured at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% load conditions from the diesel engine. Al2O3/SiO2-coated TiO2 powders were prepared by wet impregnation method and then coated to 32 pieces of 11 x 11 cm aluminium wire mesh plate by calcination method. The synthesised catalyst characterization was performed by XRD, EDX, SEM analyses and UV spectrophotometer. The exhaust emissions of CO, HC and NOX from the diesel engine were measured by GA-4040 gas analyser with and without a catalytic convertor. The emission results were evaluated for statistical analysis by IBM SPSS 22 Statistic Data Editor. Hence, it was seen that the modified catalytic convertor represented 43.05% reduction of NOX emission as a maximum at 75% load. Moreover, 56.84% decrease was seen in HC emissions as a maximum at 25% load. Furthermore, CO emissions reduction was measured to be 66.7% as maximum at 25% load. Consequently, the results of this experimental study showed that the catalytic converter coated with Al2O3/SiO2/TiO2 catalyst greatly reduced the exhaust emissions from the diesel engine and the synthesised catalyst can be alternative to overwhelm air pollution problem emitted from transportation.Öğe The assessment of h2s emission from araç stream, in karabük(2021) Ulutaş, Kadır; Kocaman, Ayhan; Çalhan, RahmanOdor pollution is an important type of pollution that is subject to complaints in terms of quality of life and health. Since the odor perception is a sensorial process that occurs naturally with breathing, it is difficult to avoid when exposed. $H_2S$ is one of the main sources of odor pollution and wastewater reservoir, estuarine and polluted river or waterways are among the most suitable areas for $H_2S$ formation. The aim of this study is to determine the changes in $H_2S$ concentrations on Araç Stream. Therefore, in this study, $H_2S$ concentrations were determined instantaneously by using portable handheld gas monitors in air samples from the surface of Araç Stream at 15 points within the boundaries of Karabük city, and at the same time, pH and temperature values were determined. According to results, there were statistically significant differences in the $H_2S$ and pH values between the sampling points (p <0.05). H2S concentration decreased in the order according to the sampling points as SP10< SP1< SP11< SP2< SP12< SP3< SP13< SP14< SP7< SP8< SP9< SP15< SP4< SP5< SP6. The highest level was determined after the industrial zone and the lowest levels were determined at the furthest point from the city center and industrial facilities. The results were shown in a map by using ArcMap program of ArcGIS software package.Öğe Assessment of the use of artemisia dracunculus l and erigeron canadensis in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils and their ability to phytoextraction and biomass yield.(2022) Kocaman, AyhanDifferent hyperaccumulator plants growing in the same contaminated soil may have excessive accumulation of different metals or produce biomass. Therefore, it is important to determine the ability of the plant to improve the soil under natural conditions in the improvement of heavy metal-contaminated lands with hyperaccumulator plants. This study focused on the phytoremediation and biomass production capabilities of Artemisa Dracunculus L. and Erigeron Canadensis plants. Considering this fact, Erigeron Canadensis was determined to have the highest phytoextraction potential between the two plants, as it produces more biomass (96%) and mineral content (169%) than Artemisa Dracunculus L. This shows that Erigeron Canadensis has more phytoremediation potential than Artemisa Dracunculus L. and that Erigeron Canadensis plant is one of the alternative hyperaccumulator plant candidates and is more effective for soil reclamation. In addition, when the plants were categorized according to their BAF values, accumulator (1Öğe Combined interactions of amino acids and organic acids in heavy metal binding in plants(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Kocaman, AyhanThis research focused on the different approaches to the transport and internal chelation of metals with amino acids and organic acids in plants. Therefore, in the first phase, the plants studied were identified the characteristics of the bioaccumulation factors. Steria pumila, Echium angustifolium, Typha angustifolia, Sisymbrium austriacum were identified as hyperaccumulators (Cd, Ni), accumulators (Pb, Sn, and Se), excluders (Cr, Hg). On the other hand, the Sisymbrium austriacum only showed the characteristic of the accumulator for Cr. In the second phase, the combined effects of amino acids and organic acids on the chelation of heavy metals in plants were tested by a multi-linear regression model. Related to our hypothesis, Amino acids; Gly and Leu (Cd), Trp and Ile (Pb), Asp, Ser, and Leu (Cr), Ser (Hg), Trp and Glu (Ni), Asp, Thr, and Gly (Sn), Asn and Leu (Se), Organic acids; Malonic and Malic add (Cd), Malonic add (Pb), Oxalic and Malic acid (Cr), Oxalic, Succinic, Citric and Butyric acid (Hg), Malonic and Malic acid (Ni), Malonic, Maleic, and Malic acid (Sn), Malonic and Citric add (Se) were concluded that had combined effect for heavy metal's phytochelation ability into plants.Öğe Development of organic phosphorus vermicompost from raw phosphate rock using microorganisms and enzymes and its effect on tomato yield(Elsevier, 2023) Turan, Metin; Kocaman, Ayhan; Tufenkci, Sefik; Katircioglu, Hikmet; Gunes, Adem; Kitir, Nurgul; Giray, GulayChemical phosphorus and other chemical fertilizers undergo certain changes in the soil. These changes cause crop yield loss because of changes in soil pH and EC. In addition, other toxic compounds accumulate. They also lead to serious soil contamination and threaten the environment. In this study, vermicompost was developed from raw phosphate rock by using microorganisms and phosphorus solubilizing enzymes (protease, lipase, dehydroge & PRIME;nase, hydrolase, urea, nitrogenesis, cellulose) to eliminate phosphorus deficiency in soil. Two-year greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the organic phosphorus humus produced after six months of mineralization, and tomato plants were grown. As a result of these experiments, the effects on yield and physicochemical properties of the tomato plant were studied. Earthworm fertilizer at a rate of 4500 kg ha-1 increased the tomato yield of 22.12% compared to the control application, in the two-years means. In addition, the effect on nutrient content of tomato plants resulted in statistically significant increases (p < 0.05). When the macronutrient concentrations in the leaves of the plant were examined, they were considered to have reached the level of sufficiency. It was also found that the content of amino acids, chlorophyll and antioxidants in the tomato plant reached the highest levels compared to the control application. Based on our results, it was concluded that this organic fertilizer will contribute to higher crop yields in plants of cultural and commercial importance and to other plant growth parameters.Öğe Development of plant-friendly vermicompost using novel biotechnological methods(Springer, 2023) Kocaman, Ayhan; Turan, Metin; Tufenkci, Sefik; Katircioglu, Hikmet; Gunes, Adem; Kitir, Nurgul; Giray, GulayFor the first time in the world, raw tea waste from tea plants was mineralized by rapid biotechnological methods using beneficial worms, enzymes (protease, lipase, dehydrogenase, hydrolase, urease, nitrogenase, cellulase) and microorganisms (Aspergillus flavus, Bifidobacterium spp. Bacillus subtilis, Rhodotorula spp., Lactobacillus, Rhodopseudomas spp.). Thus, biocompost technology was developed to create an exclusive organic tea fertilizer. The biocompost product was developed in a plant-friendly format for sustainable use of local resources. It was rich in organic material and free from diseases and pathogens, according to organic farming methods. It was also reliable in terms of heavy metal content. In the biocompost study, the application of five different compost mixtures and three different application methods were investigated. Worm + Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria + enzymes accelerated the mineralization of the compost among the studies, and the lowest C/N and OM % ratio was obtained. The other physical and chemical parameters were also in accordance with the ideal values determined in the literature. Also, the increase of nitrogen without nitrogen loss during the composting process shows that mineralization was successfully completed. In concluded, it can be suggested that the developed organic worm compost fertilizer can be used on agricultural land and in regenerative agriculture.Öğe The effect of novel biotechnological vermicompost on tea yield, plant nutrient content, antioxidants, amino acids, and organic acids as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for sustainability(Bmc, 2024) Kocaman, Ayhan; Inci, Yusra; Kitir, Nurgul; Turan, Metin; Argin, Sanem; Yildirim, Ertan; Giray, GulayIn this study, the performance of a novel organic tea compost developed for the first time in the world from raw tea waste from tea processing factories and enriched with worms, beneficial microorganisms, and enzymes was tested in comparison to chemical fertilizers in tea plantations in Rize and Artvin provinces, where the most intensive tea cultivation is carried out in Turkey. In the field trials, the developed organic tea vermicompost was incorporated into the root zones of the plants in the tea plantations in amounts of 1000 (OVT1), 2000 (OVT2) and 4000 (OVT4) (kg ha(-1)). The experimental design included a control group without OVT applications and positive controls with chemical fertilizers (N: P: K 25:5:10, (CF) 1200 kg ha(-1)) commonly used by local growers. The evaluation included field trials over two years. The average yields obtained in two-year field trials in five different areas were: Control (6326), OVT1 (7082), OVT2 (7408), OVT4 (7910), and CF (8028) kg ha(-1). Notably, there was no significant statistical difference in yields between the organic (at 4000 kg ha(-1) ) and chemical fertilizers (at 1200 kg ha(-1)). The highest nutrient contents were obtained when CF and OVT4 were applied. According to the average values across all regions, the application of OVT4 increased the uptake of 63% N, 18% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 19% Na, 29% Ca, 28% Zn, 11% Cu and 24% Mn compared to the control group. The application of chemical fertilizers increased the uptake of 75% N, 21% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 28% Na, 27% Ca, 30% Zn, 18% Cu and 31% Mn compared to the control group. The organic fertilizer treatment had the lowest levels of antioxidants compared to the control groups and the chemical fertilizers. It was also found that the organic fertilizer increased the levels of amino acids, organic acids and chlorophyll in the tea plant. Its low antioxidant activity and proline content prepared them for or protected them from stress conditions. With these properties, the biotechnologically developed organic tea compost fertilizer has proven to be very promising for tea cultivation and organic plant production.Öğe Effects of foliar application of abscisic acid on antioxidant content, phytohormones in strawberry shoots, and translocation of various heavy metals(Elsevier, 2023) Kocaman, AyhanThe exogenous use of plant hormones as a chemical-physical method may have a positive effect on improving the growth activity of plants under heavy metal stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand how abscisic acid interacts with antioxidants and phytohormones to promote plant resistance to toxic metals and metalloids. The results indicated that the application of exogenous foliage ABA (mu mol L-1 40) limited the translocation of Cd, Cr, Hg and Sn into strawberry leaves by (63.32-10.08% for Cd, Cr), (15.39% for Hg), (4.76% for Sn). On the other hand, Pb, Ni and Se were found to accumulate in strawberry leaves but did not cause yield loss. Moreover, leaf antioxidant enzyme content and total chlorophyll content indicated a reduction in the negative effects of heavy metal stress on chlorophyll content and yield of strawberry leaves. On the other hand, phytohormones JA, SA, zeatin, CK, GA were suggested to play a role in attenuating the increased membrane lipid peroxidation responsible for cellular damage as they showed a positive correlation with MDA, H2O2, sucrose and Pro-levels corresponding to the high content of Cd, Cr, Hg and Sn in the control leaves. The results provided in this study suggest that exogenous ABA is effective in reducing uptake of Cd, Cr and Hg in strawberries, and it may be considered as a good indicator for safer food production on contaminated farmland.Öğe Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)(Mdpi, 2022) Turan, Metin; Ekinci, Melek; Kul, Raziye; Kocaman, Ayhan; Argin, Sanem; Zhirkova, Anastasia M.; Perminova, Irina, VIron deficiency, which severely decreases the plant yield and quality, is one of the major problems of calcareous soils. Foliar applications of humic substances and/or Fe fertilizers are environmentally friendly methods to cope with Fe deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of Fe/nano Fe and humic/fulvic acid-based biostimulant foliar applications on the Fe content and plant growth parameters of spinach. Treatment solutions were prepared either by mixing a common Fe fertilizer, FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O, with different commercial biostimulants (Fulvic-based: Fulvagra (R), Fulvagra (R) WSG; Humic-based: HS300 (R), Humin Fe (R) and Liqhumusc), Grevenbroich, Germany) or by mixing nano ferrihydrite with different ratios of fulvic substance (FA-50, FA-75, and FA-100) and humic acid (Nano Iron). Growth parameters (plant fresh and dry weights, plant dry matter, root fresh and dry weights, root dry matter, leaf number per plant, and leaf area); chlorophyll reading value (SPAD); chlorophyll (a,b, and total) and carotenoid contents; and leaf and root mineral contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Zn, B, active Fe, and total Fe) of samples were determined. Our results showed that foliar application of biostimulants together with Fe sources improved the nutrient uptake, chlorophyll contents, growth characteristics, and yield; however, not all humic substances had the same effect. When all parameters were considered, Fulvagra treatment-which contained 17% fulvic acid and microorganisms in its content together with 20 mM FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O-was the most effective application, followed by FA100 treatment containing fulvic acid and 20 mM nano ferrihydrite. This finding indicates that fulvic acid containing biostimulants is more effective in foliar applications than humic-based biostimulants against Fe deficiency due to their low molecular weight which enables better penetration into the leaves. In conclusion, foliar applications of fulvic substances together with Fe fertilizers can be used to increase the Fe uptake of crops and the yields under Fe-deficient conditions.Öğe New advancement of advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of Petroleum wastewater(Desalination Publ, 2024) Merchant, Ali Imran; Vakili, Amir Hossein; Kocaman, Ayhan; Amr, Salem S. AbuThis review delves into the significant potential of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for tackling the intricate issues found in treating petroleum wastewater. It particularly focuses on the utilization of processes like Fenton reactions, Ozonation-based AOPs, and photocatalytic techniques, highlighting their role in producing powerful reactive oxygen species capable of breaking down organic contaminants. The review also discusses recent advancements in merging Electro-Fenton and photocatalysis to enhance pollutant removal efficiency. Furthermore, it investigates how these methods are being applied specifically to petrochemical wastewater management, including innovative approaches like Fenton, Photo- Fenton, Electro-Fenton, Photo-catalytic oxidation, persulfate activation based AOPs. Operational cost including treatment time, energy requirements, pH adjustment, complexity of reactor setup, removal efficiencies and treated effluent quality, and by-products are some of the challenges critically examined. The article aims to highlight these issues and identify emerging challenges, proposing a shift towards more sustainable and effective wastewater treatment strategies in the future.Öğe Optimization of Urea Fertilization with Various Doses and Applications on the Yield and Quality of the Hazelnut(Springer, 2024) Ozkutlu, Faruk; Turan, Metin; Kebapci, Tugba; Aydemir, Ozlem Ete; Kocaman, AyhanNitrogen (N) fertilization is one of the necessary elements in the production of hazelnuts. Therefore, the excessive introduction of nitrogen into the soil at once, in order to satisfy this requirement, causes it to leach easily from the soil. The aim of this research was to ensure that nitrogen fertilization applied to hazelnut production is washed off the soil to a minimum level. It was also a matter of developing methods to obtain the highest yield with optimal N fertilization in order to provide a high level of availability to the plant. For this reason, the urea fertilizer was studied with two applications and methods. According to the results of the research, it was concluded that the subsurface application of urea fertilizer at the rate of 50% twice enhanced the effect on the quantitative and qualitative properties of hazelnut. As a result, protein levels, kernel ratio, nutrients concentration in the leaf and yield in hazelnut statistically increased.Öğe Removal Efficacy of Toxic Metals in Leachate through Micro-Organisms Isolated from the Natural Environment(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Kocaman, Ayhan; Savas, Burak Feyyaz; Ceyhan, Derya IslerLandfill leachate is a serious contaminant for groundwater and surface water because of its potentially toxic metal content. In many countries, leachate is discharged into the natural environment without treatment because of the high disposal cost. However, this environmental problem can be solved by microorganisms, as they can adsorb the contaminants or convert them into end products, and this is cost-effective. This study focused on determining bacteria capable of efficiently removing toxic metals from leachates. Therefore, bacteria were isolated from nature that have a high adsorption and resistance capacity to a number of toxic metals. This potential was achieved by Enterobacter hormaechei, Priestia aryabhattai, and Mycobacterium sacrum, among others. Their efficiency in removing toxic metals compared to raw leachate was Cd (78%, 67%, 78%), Ni (64%, 57%, 56%), Pb (99%, 75%, 76%), Cr (41%, 46%,19%), Co (45%, 60%, 40%), and Cu (80%, 80%, 60%), respectively. According to the results, these bacterial strains proved to be very effective in the treatment of toxic metals from leachate. Therefore, they are good candidates for the treatment of wastewater by bioremedial methods.Öğe Removal performance of leonardite toward volatile organic compounds and toxic metals from landfill leachates(Wiley, 2024) Kocaman, Ayhan; Turan, Metin; Vakili, Amir Hossein; Savas, Burak Feyyaz; Aydemir, Ozlem Ete; Cakici, AvniLeachate from municipal waste contains volatile organic compounds and potentially toxic metals. The leaching of which into water sources also jeopardizes access to clean water. Therefore, reducing the concentration of pollutants in leachate is important to reduce health risks and environmental pollution. In this study, the efficacy of granulated organic leonardite added to leachate from municipal waste in reducing the toxic concentrations of the leachate for different time points (30, 60, 90, and 120 min) at a shaking speed of 200 rpm was investigated. Results demonstrated that leonardite significantly removed various contaminants, including organic acids (71.16%), alcohols (74.31%), aldehydes (68.01%), esters (78.28%), ethers (81.03%), ketones (68.52%), hydrocarbons (84.25%), N compounds (78.56%), S compounds (80.67%), organic N (86.01%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (93.26%), NH4-N (84.83%), NO3-N (89.30%), SO4 (76.62%), PO4 (73.85%), organic C (50.07%), Hg (96.80%), Pb (95.99%), Cu (82.68%), Al (65.56%), total Cr (98.11%), Cd (99.28%), Li (96.31%), Ni (97.27%), and As (67.79%). The leonardite granules used in this study showed high adsorption and removal performance for organic/inorganic and volatile compounds in landfill leachate. These results indicate that leonardite can be a suitable adsorption material for leachate pretreatment. However, it is necessary to perform a durability test to use the material in the long term as a covering on landfills. Landfill leachate limits people's access to clean water. It potentially contains potentially toxic metals and carcinogenic substances and threatens humans and living organisms by entering the food chain. According to the current study, the use of leonardite in landfills can reduce the content of volatile compounds and potentially toxic metals in leachate which reduces health risks, soil, and water pollution. imageÖğe Rhizobacteria alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on seedling growth of Capsicum annuum L. by modulating the antioxidant enzyme activity and mineral uptake(Natl Taiwan Univ Press, 2021) Ekinci, Melek; Kocaman, Ayhan; Argin, Sanem; Turan, Metin; Dadasoglu, Fatih; Yildirim, ErtanSalinity is one of the most important factors restricting vegetative production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study,the effects of the exogenous plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR: Bacillus pumilus UG-41, Bacillus cereus UG-50) application on seedling growth, concentration of plant nutrient elements, antioxidant activity and chlorophyll, proline, sugar, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), hormone contents of pepper seedlings under salinity stress conditions (100 mM NaCl) were investigated. Our results showed that gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), indole acetic acid (IAA), leaf relative water content (LRWC) and the concentration of all plant tissue nutrients investigated except for Na were decreased by salt stress. On the other hand, PGPR treatment increased the plant growth parameters by increasing the proline, sucrose, hormone and chlorophyll contents; altering the mineral uptake and increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity in pepper seedlings under salt stress. In conclusion, PGPR treatment may be used as an effective technique to protect the plants against salinity stress since the bacteria positively impact the ability of the plant to cope with the stress by particularly increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity, hormone level and mineral uptake.Öğe Synergistic Strategies for Overcoming Salt Stress in Strawberry Farming: The Use of Organic Fertilizers and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)(Springer, 2024) Yavuz, Aysegul; Erdogan, Ummugulsum; Turan, Metin; Argin, Sanem; Kocaman, AyhanThe study was carried out under salt-stress conditions, and three non-microbial commercial organic fertilizers purchased from Humintech GmbH (Grevenbroich, Germany) were applied to the soil for strawberry plants. The three promoters were Fulvagra (R), based on fulvic acid, Liqhumus (R), based on humic acid, and Microsense Root (R), also based on humic acid. Treatment with Fulvagra (R) resulted in a remarkable 69.90% increase in average fruit weight and a 39.52% increase in yield in strawberry plants. These improvements remained significant when combined with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), resulting in a 61.81% increase in fruit weight and a 45.21% increase in yield. Liqhumus (R) treatment resulted in a significant 49.95% increase in fruit weight and a 39.30% increase in fruit yield. The introduction of PGPR further enhanced these effects by increasing fruit weight by 87.70% and yield by 63.84%. The Microsense Root (R) treatment showed 31.07 and 61.87% improvements for the respective parameters. In conjunction with this treatment, the use of PGPR produced the most significant results, with increases of 121.14 and 65.37% for respective parameters. These results indicate that the combined use of non-microbial commercial organic fertilizers with PGPR leads to higher efficiency and is promising for sustainable agricultural practices, particularly in improving the resistance of strawberry plants to salt-induced stress.Öğe The effect of novel biotechnological vermicompost on tea yield, plant nutrient content, antioxidants, amino acids, and organic acids as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for sustainability(2024-12-01) Kocaman, Ayhan; İnci, Yüsra; Kıtır, Nurgül; Turan, Metin; Argın, Sanem; Yıldırım, Ertan; Giray, Gülay; Ersoy, Nilda; Güneş, ADEM; Katırcıoğlu, Hikmet; Gürkan, Burak; Bilgili, Ali Volkan; Akça, MelikeIn this study, the performance of a novel organic tea compost developed for the first time in the world from raw tea waste from tea processing factories and enriched with worms, beneficial microorganisms, and enzymes was tested in comparison to chemical fertilizers in tea plantations in Rize and Artvin provinces, where the most intensive tea cultivation is carried out in Turkey. In the field trials, the developed organic tea vermicompost was incorporated into the root zones of the plants in the tea plantations in amounts of 1000 (OVT1), 2000 (OVT2) and 4000 (OVT4) (kg ha-1). The experimental design included a control group without OVT applications and positive controls with chemical fertilizers (N: P: K 25:5:10, (CF) 1200 kg ha-1) commonly used by local growers. The evaluation included field trials over two years. The average yields obtained in two-year field trials in five different areas were: Control (6326), OVT1 (7082), OVT2 (7408), OVT4 (7910), and CF (8028) kg ha-1. Notably, there was no significant statistical difference in yields between the organic (at 4000 kg ha-1) and chemical fertilizers (at 1200 kg ha-1). The highest nutrient contents were obtained when CF and OVT4 were applied. According to the average values across all regions, the application of OVT4 increased the uptake of 63% N, 18% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 19% Na, 29% Ca, 28% Zn, 11% Cu and 24% Mn compared to the control group. The application of chemical fertilizers increased the uptake of 75% N, 21% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 28% Na, 27% Ca, 30% Zn, 18% Cu and 31% Mn compared to the control group. The organic fertilizer treatment had the lowest levels of antioxidants compared to the control groups and the chemical fertilizers. It was also found that the organic fertilizer increased the levels of amino acids, organic acids and chlorophyll in the tea plant. Its low antioxidant activity and proline content prepared them for or protected them from stress conditions. With these properties, the biotechnologically developed organic tea compost fertilizer has proven to be very promising for tea cultivation and organic plant production.Öğe The Effect of Soil and Foliar Nitrogen Applications On Cd Toxicity of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) Grown in Low and High Cadmium Contaminated Soils(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-12-18) Ete Aydemir, Özlem; Kocaman, Ayhan; Korkmaz, Kürşat; Özkutlu, FarukA pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse condition to investigate Cd tolerance of wheat in cadmium containing soils (0.5 and 5.0 mg Cd kg−1), taking into account the effect of N fertilization. The study investigates the effect of N application and foliar application of urea on cadmium uptake and accumulation in durum wheat and evaluates its effects on physicochemical properties. The results of this study showed a very significant positive correlation between increasing plant Cd concentration and increasing N supply. That an adequate amount of CaNO3− fertilizer in the soil together with foliar application of urea statistically increased plant biomass of durum wheat and in parallel increased Cd accumulation. In terms of plant biomass, the increase in very low nitrogen (50 mg N kg-1) application (S1) to the (0.5 mg Cd kg−1) contaminated soil application was 187.70%, and 259.09% for Sufficient nitrogen (200 mg N kg−1) application (S2) to the (0.5 mg Cd kg−1) contaminated soil, when compared to the No nitrogen application (SC) to the soil (Control) application. Upon foliar urea application, increases were recorded as 90.78% for Foliar application with urea only, no nitrogen applied (FC) to soil, 216.57% for Foliar urea with very low nitrogen application (F1) to the soil (50 mg N kg−1), and 298.01% for Foliar urea with sufficient nitrogen application (F2) to the soil (200 mg N kg−1) compared to SC. Similarly, Cd concentration in durum wheat increased with higher nitrogen application, with increases observed as 16.93% for S1, 42.28% for S2, 26.14% for FC, 34.65% for F1, and 58.11% for F2 compared to SC. Consequently, it was also the foliar application of urea together with the supply of nitrate that increased the bioavailability of Cd and decreased its toxic effect. The amount of N fertilizer not only promotes plant growth and increases plant biomass, but also increases the accumulation of Cd in the shoot.
