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    Biomechanical Evaluation of an Injectable Alginate / Dicalcium Phosphate Cement Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering
    (Elsevier, 2021) Alshemary, Ammar Z.; Bilgin, Saliha; Isik, Gulhan; Motameni, Ali; Tezcaner, Aysen; Evis, Zafer
    Biocompatible dicalcium phosphate (DCP) cements are widely used as bone repair materials. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of different amounts of sodium alginate (SA) on the microstructural, mechanical, and biological properties of DCP cements. Beta-tricalcium phosphate (?-TCP) was prepared using a microwaveassisted wet precipitation system. Lattice parameters of the obtained particles determined from X-ray diffraction (XRD), were in good match with a standard phase of ?-TCP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination revealed that the particles were in globular shape. Furthermore, all functional groups of ?-TCP were also detected using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. DCP cement (pure phase) was synthesized using monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM)/?-TCP powder mixture blended with 1.0 mL of water. SA/DCP cement composites were synthesized by dissolving different amounts of SA into water (1.0 mL) to obtain different final concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3%). The prepared cements were characterized with XRD, SEM, FTIR and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD results showed that pure DCP and SA/DCP cements were in a good match with Monetite phase. SEM results confirmed that addition of SA inhibited the growth of DCP particles. Setting time and injectability behaviour were significantly improved upon increasing the SA amount into DCP cements. In vitro biodegradation was evaluated using Simulated body fluid (SBF) over 21 days at 37 ?C. The highest cumulative weight loss (%) in SBF was observed for 2.0% SA/DCP (about 26.52%) after 21 days of incubation. Amount of Ca2+ ions released in SBF increased with the addition of SA. DCP and SA/DCP cements showed the highest mechanical strength after 3 days of incubation in SBF and declined with prolonged immersion periods. In vitro cell culture experiments were conducted using Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Viability and morphology of cells incubated in extract media of DCP and SA/DCP discs after 24 h incubation was studied with MTT assay and fluorescence microscopy imaging, respectively. All cements were cytocompatible and viability of cells incubated in extracts of cements was higher than observed in the control group. Based on the outcomes, SA/DCP bone cements have a promising future to be utilized as bone filler.
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    Lanthanum doped dicalcium phosphate bone cements for potential use as filler for bone defects
    (Elsevier, 2021) Motameni, Ali; Alshemary, Ammar Z.; Dalgic, Ali Deniz; Keskin, Dilek; Evis, Zafer
    The bone defects arising as a result of trauma should be filled to provide a framework to support and encourage the growth of new and living bone tissues. Among the many synthetic bone graft substitutes, self-hardening calcium phosphate (CP) cements have been widely used to repair hard tissue defects. In this study, pure dical-cium phosphate (DCP) and lanthanum (La) modified dicalcium phosphate (La-DCP) bone cements were prepared based on acid/base reaction between beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta TCP) (or La-beta TCP) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) in the presence of water. The prepared bone cements were characterized using XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques to verify both La doping and to explore the alterations in the structural and molecular properties upon doping. With minimum addition of La3+ ions (0.090 mol), the pure phase of brushite trans-formed into monetite and the plate-like crystals of brushite turned into spheroid particles. The setting times of DCP bone cement declined gradually upon boosting amount of La3+ ions in DCP lattice. As the La amount in DCP cements rose from 0 to 0.225 mol, the compressive strength also increased from 7.90 +/- 0.8 to 9.64 +/- 1.47 MPa. The dissolution rate of DCP cements improved with addition of La3+ ions. Adsorption/desorption of Fetal bovine serum (FBS) on/from the prepared DCP bone cements showed higher protein loading of La-DCP cements than pure DCP. In vitro experiments on proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation of Sarcoma osteogenic (Saos-2) cells indicated that addition 0.225 mol of La3+ ions promoted these properties compared to pure DCP. Results suggested that La3+ (0.225 mol) incorporated DCP bone cement (2La-DCP) has a potential to be used as a bone filler material.
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    MESOPOROUS SULPHATE DOPED HYDROXYAPATITE NANOPARTICLES FOR CONTROLLED RELEASE OF PROTEINS
    (Univ Chemistry & Technology, Prague, 2022) Alshemary, Ammar Z.; Muhammed, Yasser; Salman, Nader A.; Motameni, Ali; Gurbuz, Riza
    The purpose of this study is to synthesize and characterize the mesoporous nanostructure of Hydroxyapatite (HA), evaluate the impact of the addition of sulphate ions (SO42-) on the microstructure properties of HA, and assess the ability of the prepared materials to be used as a carrier for Bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. This study successfully synthesized 0.07 mole of SO42-substituted HA using the reflux microwave-assisted wet precipitation method and fully characterized it using modern techniques. In particular, XRD, XPS, Raman, FESEM, and BET techniques were used to explore the micro-structure properties of materials. The results shows that the addition of SO42-ions amplified the lattice parameters and surface area of HA, and the particles shape was changed from semi-spherical to rod like shape. Adsorption and desorption of protein molecules were evaluated using BSA protein for 24 h at 37 degrees C. BSA loading capacity and release behaviours were significantly improved with the incorporation of SO42-ions. The SO4- HA materials hold a promising future for being used as a carrier for protein molecules.
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    A review of synthesis methods, properties and use of monetite cements as filler for bone defects
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Motameni, Ali; Alshemary, Ammar Z.; Evis, Zafer
    The major objective of the current review is to highlight the prime importance of bone cements particularly monetite cement as filler to treat various bone defects which may result due to osteoporosis, some accidents, some trauma disease or any other orthopedic surgical disorders. Previous studies showed that polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), calcium phosphate cements (CPCs), dicalcium phosphate (DCP) cement and acrylic polymer cements have been employed to improve the bone defects, but these materials have a certain issue of insitu setting. To overcome these problems, concentration was swiftly diverted towards monetite cement which revealed better results. Therefore, in this review, more focus has been given to the monetite cement. In this work, a brief but very productive discussion has also been inducted about the various synthetic routes to synthesize monetite cement and its properties which will help the readers to get key information about the growing significance of monetite cement as a bone filler and its future use and importance. The main theme of this review is to highlight the tremendous achievements achieved in the monetite cementing materials and their further scope in the near future as to upgrade their properties and use in the biomedical field.
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    Structural and Biological Analysis of Mesoporous Lanthanum Doped ?TCP For Potential Use as Bone Graft Material
    (Elsevier, 2020) Motameni, Ali; Dalgic, Ali Deniz; Alshemary, Ammar Z.; Keskin, Dilek; Evis, Zafer
    In this study, mesoporous particles of beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta TCP, beta Ca-3(PO4)(2)) and lanthanum (La) doped beta TCP were synthesized using wet precipitation method attached with microwave refluxing system. The obtained materials were characterized and analysed using different sort of techniques such; X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and helium pycnometer. With incorporation of La3+ ions, relevant expansion in lattice parameters of beta TCP crystal was observed along with inhibition growth rate was observed. beta TCP and La-beta TCP materials were mesoporous in nature, pore diameter and pore volume were expanded with incorporation of La3+ ions. The loading/release on beta TCP and La-beta TCP particles surfaces were evaluated using fetal bovine serum (FBS) proteins. In vitro cell culture studies were performed with human osteosarcoma cell line (Saos-2). The outcomes approved that all La-beta TCP materials were cytocompatible and strict dose dependent effect of La3+ ions was observed on cell viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. These results strongly suggest that La-beta TCP materials have a potential application in bone tissue engineering.