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    A state-of-the-art review on the application of lignosulfonate as a green alternative in soil stabilization
    (Elsevier, 2024) Khajeh, Aghileh; Nazari, Zeynab; Movahedrad, Mehran; Vakili, Amir Hossein
    The utilization of lignosulfonate (LS) as a naturally derived biopolymer sourced from lignin in soil stabilization has gained significant attention in recent years. Its intermolecular interaction, hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects, adhesive and binding properties, erosion control abilities, compatibility with various soil types, and environmental sustainability make it a promising alternative to traditional soil stabilizers as well as highlighting its importance. By integrating LS into soil stabilization practices, soil properties can be enhanced, and an ecofriendlier approach can be adopted in the construction sector. This comprehensive review paper extensively examines the applications and structure of LS, as well as their efficacy and mechanisms on a micro-level scale. Afterward, it discusses the geotechnical characteristics of LS-treated soils, including consistency characteristics, dispersivity properties and erosion behavior, electrical conductivity, compaction parameters, permeability and hydraulic conductivity, compressibility characteristics, swelling potential, strength and stiffness properties, durability, and cyclic loading response. In general, LS incorporation into the soils could enhance the geotechnical properties. For instance, the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of fine-grained soils was observed to improve up to 105 %, while in the case of granular soils, the improvement can be as high as 450 %. This review also examines the economic and environmental efficiency, as well as challenges and ways forward related to LS stabilization. This can lead to economic and environmental benefits given the abundance of LS as a plant polymer for cleaner production and owing to its carbon neutrality and renewability.
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    Strength and post-freeze-thaw behavior of a marl soil modified by lignosulfonate and polypropylene fiber: An environmentally friendly approach
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Salimi, Mahdi; Lu, Yang; Shamsi, Mohammad; Nazari, Zeynab
    Lignosulfonate is one of the by-products in the paper and pulp industry that is widely produced around the world and its improper disposal or storage can pose irreparable risks to human health and the environment. Sustainable reuse of this industrial waste as a stabilizing agent not only provides a novel approach in the construction industry, but also prevents the loss of natural resources. In this study, an environmentally friendly strategy involving lignosulfonate as a binder along with the polypropylene (PP) fiber as a reinforcing material was adopted to enhance the characteristics of marl soils from detrimental impacts of freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. To this end, the pure marl specimens were improved by various contents of lignosulfonate and polypropylene fiber solely and simultaneously and cured for different time intervals. The variables assessed in this study were lignosulfonate content, polypropylene fiber content, curing period as well as the number of F-T cycles. The results showed that the greatest improvement was observed in the samples containing 1.5% lignosulfonate and 0.6% PP fibers, showing the least amplitude of fluctuations in MR reduction upon the F-T cycles. Moreover, freeze-thaw weathering transformed the stress-strain pattern of the samples from strain-softening to hardening behavior as well as increased the ductility behavior. It was observed that the simultaneous application of lignosulfonate and PP fibers led to the complete bonding of soil particles and the formation of interlocking zones around the fiber strands, leading to stronger particle bonding. The results of the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) test also verified the formation of ionic bonds owing to the inclusion of lignosulfonate in the marl soil and the presence of lignosulfonate in the distance between the mineral layers of the soil. Overall, the reuse of lignosulfonate as a nontraditional alternative to marl soil modification can play an effective role in enhancing the durability and mechanical characteristics as well as sustainable development.