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Öğe An application of fuzzy soft sets to a real-life problem: Classification of wood materials to prevent fire-related injuries and deaths(Elsevier, 2023) Korkmaz, Esra; Ozcan, Cemal; Korkmaz, MustafaA variety of methods are used to determine the health and life-threatening consequences of wood combustion. However, these methods suffer from some limitations. They analyze the data obtained during combustion individually rather than evaluating them together. Furthermore, they do not take into account the fact that some of the parameters that influence the process can be positive, while others can be negative, or that they may not be of equal importance. In this study, we present a fuzzy soft set-based algorithm to handle such issues. The proposed algorithm can also deal with problems arising when the membership values of the objects are close together. It also contributes a novel approach to the literature regarding the selection of wood materials that are suitable for use in fireprone areas. In order to demonstrate the applicability of our approach we performed an experiment and analyzed wood materials, which are frequently used in wooden structures, according to parameters that may affect human life and health. We also highlight how the present work contributes to the state-of-the-art by interpreting our results using a method that already exists in the literature. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Phase-Contrast MRI in the Differential Diagnosis of Active and Chronic Disease(Korean Radiological Soc, 2018) Oner, Serkan; Kahraman, Aysegul Sagir; Ozcan, Cemal; Ozdemir, Zeynep Maras; Unlu, Serkan; Kamisli, Ozden; Oner, ZulalObjective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease characterized by demyelinating plaques in the white matter. Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been proposed as a new hypothesis for the etiopathogenesis of MS disease. MS-CCSVI includes a significant decrease of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow through the cerebral aqueduct secondary to an impaired venous outflow from the central nervous system. This study aimed to determine whether CSF flow dynamics are affected in MS patients and the contributions to differential diagnosis in active and chronic disease using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI). Materials and Methods: We studied 16 MS patients with chronic plaques (group 1), 16 MS patients with active plaques-enhanced on MRI (group 2), and 16 healthy controls (group 3). Quantitatively evaluation of the CSF flow was performed from the level of the cerebral aqueduct by PC-MRI. According to heart rates, 14-30 images were obtained in a cardiac cycle. Cardiac triggering was performed prospectively using finger plethysmography. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the groups regarding average velocity, net forward volume and the average flow (p > 0.05). Compared with the controls, group 1 and group 2, showed a higher peak velocity (5.5 +/- 1.4, 4.9 +/- 1.0, and 4.3 +/- 1.3 cm/sec, respectively; p = 0.040), aqueductal area (5.0 +/- 1.3, 4.1 +/- 1.5, and 3.1 +/- 1.2 mm(2), respectively; p = 0.002), forward volume (0.039 +/- 0.016, 0.031 +/- 0.013, and 0.021 +/- 0.010 mL, respectively; p = 0.002) and reverse volume (0.027 +/- 0.016, 0.018 +/- 0.009, and 0.012 +/- 0.006 mL, respectively; p = 0.000). There were no statistical significance between the MS patients with chronic plaques and active plaques except for reverse volume. The MS patients with chronic plaques showed a significantly higher reverse volume (p = 0.000). Conclusion: This study indicated that CSF flow is affected in MS patients, contrary to the hypothesis that CCSVI-induced CSF flow decreases in MS patients. These findings may be explained by atrophy-dependent ventricular dilatation, which may occur at every stage of MS.Öğe Compression Strength Perpendicular to Grain Characteristics of Impregnated Laminated Veneer Lumbers Exposed to Sea Water(Inst Forestry Lrcaf, 2016) Esen, Rasit; Kurt, Seref; Ozcan, CemalThe purpose of this study is to determine the compression strength perpendicular to grain of laminated veneer lumber exposed to sea water 3, 6, 9 and 12 months and obtained from Scots pine by using different adhesive and impregnating materials. While the highest compression strength perpendicular to grain is obtained from then unimpregnated samples, which are not exposed to sea water, with 39.56 N/mm(2) the lowest compression strength perpendicular to grain is obtained from the unimpregnated samples exposed to sea water for 12 months with 10.94 N/mm(2).Öğe The Effect of Accessories Used in Interior Furniture on Increasing Safety and Prevention of Overturn(Kastamonu Univ, 2023) Ozcan, Suleyman; Ozcan, CemalAim of study: Furniture used indoors; threatens the life safety of users by being knocked over for many reasons such as design, production, user errors, earthquakes, etc. This study was carried out to determine the effects of the variables related to the foots used in the furniture and the horizontal forces on the overturning of furniture.Area of study: This study was carried out in Safranbolu Sefik Yilmaz Dizdar Vocational School Interior Design Department test laboratory.Material and methods: For the experiments, a leg model, which is widely used in the market, was determined and a multi-purpose cabinet was prepared. Loads were applied to this cabinet with the mechanism established within the scope of TS 9215 and TS EN 14073-2 standards. The effects of the obtained results on overturning were evaluated by analysis of variance and Duncan multiple comparison test.Main results: It has been observed that the variables such as the position, diameter, height of the foot used in the furniture and the height of the force causing the overturning are effective at various rates in the safe use of the furniture. It has been calculated that the effect of force application heights on overturning is 50.82% at most and foot positions 12.4% at most.Highlights: The results obtained can be used to increase indoors safety by making it more difficult for overturning of the furniture.Öğe Effect of adhesives on thermal conductivity of laminated veneer lumber(Wiley-Blackwell, 2008) Kurt, Seref; Uysal, Burhanettin; Ozcan, CemalIn this study, it is aimed to describe the effect of adhesives (PVAc-polyurethane and urea formaldehyde) on wooden materials (Scotch pine and oriental beech) cut tangentially and radially and layers in laminated veneer lumber (LVL; 3, 4, 5) on thermal conductivity. The lowest thermal conductivity of 0.105 kcal/(m h degrees C) was obtained in Scotch pine, cut tangentially, bonded with polyurethane, and three-layer LVL. The highest thermal conductivity of 0.159 kcal/m h degrees C was obtained in oriental beech, cut radially, bonded with PVAc, and five-layer LVL. Consequently, oriental beech wood cut radially and bonded with PVAc adhesive and five layers in LVL can be used as a material in construction where the thermal conductivity is required. Scotch pine wood cut tangentially and bonded with polyurethane adhesive and three layers in LVL can be used as a material in construction where the insulation is required. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Öğe Effect of dowels and adhesive types on withdrawal strength in particleboard and MDF(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2013) Ozcan, Cemal; Uysal, Burhanettin; Kurt, Seref; Esen, RasitComposite materials and wooden dowels are being used increasingly in the construction of furniture frames and inner decoration. However, there is little information available concerning the withdrawal strength of various fasteners and in particular, dowels in these materials. The aim of this study was to determine the withdrawal strengths of 6, 8, and 10mm diameter dowels produced from different wood species bonded parallel or vertical to the surfaces of a medium-density fiberboard (MDF) or particleboard with poly vinylacetate or Desmodur (D-VTKA). According to TS 4539 standard, the effect of dowel species, direction of withdrawal, board type and the type of adhesive on the withdrawal strength were determined. The highest (8.35N/mm(2)) withdrawal strength was obtained for oak dowels bonded with D-VTKA adhesive vertically to the surface of MDF. This value is higher than the predictive expression that allows designers to estimate the withdrawal strength of dowels.Öğe The Effect of Liquid Nitrogen on Retention in Uludag Fir Wood Treated with Boric Acid and Borax(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2012) Kurt, Seref; Ozcan, Cemal; Likos, Erkan; Korkmaz, MustafaIn this study, the effect of liquid nitrogen on retention of Uludag Fir wood after exposure to boric acid and borax was determined. Before treating with liquid nitrogen, specimens were conditioned to 4 different moisture contents (oven dry, 12%, 28%, and green). Liquid nitrogen treated specimens for 1 hour, 4 hours and 10 hours. Then, all specimens were conditioned to 12% moisture content (MC). Test specimens were exposed to chemicals such as borax and boric acid for three times: short (2 min), normal (1 hour) and long (1 week). Dipping method was used for the impregnation process. For control, specimens were treated with borax and boric acid without treating with liquid nitrogen. Consequently, there is a linear relationship between moisture content and retention. Since moisture content increases the amount of retention increases as well.Öğe THE EFFECTS OF EDGE BANDING THICKNESS OF ULUDAG FIR BONDED WITH SOME ADHESIVES ON WITHDRAWAL STRENGTHS OF BEECH DOWEL PINS IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2009) Kurt, Seref; Uysal, Burhanettin; Ozcan, Cemal; Yildirim, Mehmet NuriComposite materials and wooden dowels are being used increasingly in the construction of furniture frames and inner decoration. Yet there is little information available concerning the withdrawal strength of various fasteners, and, in particular, dowels in composite materials edged solid wood edge bandings. The aim of this study was to determine the withdrawal strengths of 6, 8, 10 mm diameter dowels produced from beech with respect to edge of a medium-density fiberboard (MDF) or particleboard (PB) edged with 5, 10 and 15 mm thickness of solid wood edge banding of uludag fir, bonded with different adhesives. According to TS 4539 standard, the effects of edge banding thickness, dimension of dowels, type of composite materials and type of adhesives used for edge banding on the withdrawal strength were determined. The highest (6.37 N/mm(2)) withdrawal strength was obtained in beech dowels with 8 mm diameter for MDF with 5 mm thickness of solid wood edge banding of uludag fir bonded with D-VTKA adhesive. According to results, if the hole wall and the surface of dowel are smooth then the adhesives give better mechanical adhesion with dowels and composite materials.Öğe The Effects of Exposure to Sea Water Steam on Thermal Conductivity of Varnished Fir Wood(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2012) Esen, Rasit; Ozcan, Cemal; Likos, Erkan; Ozkan, Osman EmreIn this study, the thermal conductivity of varnished fir wood exposed to sea water steam was investigated. For this purpose, test samples were coated by using varnishing goldspar (polyurethane varnish), original (synthetic varnish), perfection (polyurethane varnish), and schooner varnishes (synthetic varnish). After applying furnished process, samples were exposed to sea water steam during 6, 24, 60, and 96 hours. It was found that the vapour application has decreased the chemical and physical structure of test material. The thermal conductivity test was performed based on the ASTM C 1113-99 hot-wire method.Öğe The Effects of Fire Retardants Paint on Combustion Properties of Fir Wood(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2012) Ozcan, Cemal; Esen, Rasit; Likos, Erkan; Kurt, Seref; Yapici, FatihThe effects of fire retardants paint on combustion properties of fir (Abies bornmulleriana M.) were examined. For this purpose, fire retardants paint were applied on the surface of test sample according to company's suggestions. The combustion test was performed according to the ASTM-E 69 standard. The mass reduction, release of gasses (CO, NO, O-2), and temperature differences of samples were determined for each 30 seconds during combustion. It was observed that the highest mass reduction occurred in fir wood with fire retardant paint.Öğe The Effects of Humidity on Thermal Conductivity of Fir Wood(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2012) Esen, Rasit; Likos, Erkan; Ozcan, Cemal; Korkmaz, Mustafa; Kilinc, IzhamIn this study it was aimed to describe the effects of different humidity on thermal conductivity of Uludag Fir (Abies bornmulleriana M.). The lowest thermal conductivity of 0.0910 Kcal/mh degrees C was obtained from oven-dry samples. The highest thermal conductivity of 0.1904 Kcal/mh degrees C was obtained in completely wet samples. Consequently, oven-dry wood samples could be used as insulation material.Öğe IMPACTS OF IMPREGNATION CHEMICALS ON FINISHING PROCESS AND COMBUSTION PROPERTIES OF ORIENTAL BEECH (FAGUS ORIENTALIS L.) WOOD(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2011) Yapici, Fatih; Uysal, Burhanettin; Kurt, Seref; Esen, Rasit; Ozcan, CemalEffects of the impregnation materials borax, boric acid, and Tanalith-E on combustion properties of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) were investigated. The immersion method was used for long-term impregnation (24 h). After the impregnation process, polyurethane as well as synthetic, acid hardening, and water-based varnishes were applied on the wood sample surfaces according to company's suggests. The combustion test was performed according to the ASTM-E 69 standard. The mass reduction, release of gasses (CO, NO, O-2), and the temperature differences of samples were determined for each 30 seconds during combustion. It was shown that the most mass reduction occurred when both polyurethane varnish and boric acid were applied.Öğe Relationship Between the Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Uludag Fir and Black Poplar(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2018) Ozcan, Cemal; Korkmaz, MustafaThe relationship between the thermal conductivity and some mechanical properties of Uludag fir and black poplar specimens were determined based on related standards. It was hypothesized that thermal conductivity can be used as a predictor for wood properties. The hot plate test method was used as a thermal conductivity testing method. The density, compression strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity values were also measured. Pearson's correlation coefficient was determined and both linear and multiple regression analyses were performed to estimate the relationship between the parameters. The correlation between the thermal conductivity and density values was strong, which was consistent with past findings. Also, there was a strong correlation between the thermal conductivity, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity, while the compression strength and thermal conductivity had a moderate correlation. The regression equations and test graphs were also determined and shown. Overall, it can be claimed that the thermal conductivity could be used for predicting the density and mechanical properties of wooden materials.Öğe THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LAMINATED VENEER LUMBERS BONDED WITH VARIOUS ADHESIVES AND IMPREGNATED WITH VARIOUS CHEMICALS(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2009) Uysal, Burhanettin; Kurt, Seref; Ozcan, CemalIn this study it is aimed to describe the effects of adhesives (PVAc-Desmodur VTKA and Urea formaldehyde) on wooden materials (Scotch pine and oriental beech) cut tangentially and radially impregnated with Tanalith-C, creosote, and sodium silicate in layer (3, 4, 5) of laminated veneer lumber (LVLs) on thermal conductivity. The lowest thermal conductivity of 0.103 Kcal/mh degrees C was obtained in Scotch pine, cut tangentially, impregnated with creosote, bonded with urea formaldehyde, and 3 layer LVL. The highest thermal conductivity of 0.185 Kcal/mh degrees C was obtained in oriental beech, cut radially, impregnated with Tanalith-C, bonded with PVAc, and 5 layers LVL. Consequently, oriental beech wood cut radially and impregnated with Tanalith-C, bonded with PVAc adhesive and 5 layers in LVL can be used as a material in construction where the thermal conductivity is required. Scotch pine wood cut tangentially and impregnated with creosote, bonded with urea formaldehyde adhesive and 3 layers in LVL can be used as a material in construction where the insulation is required.Öğe THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF OAK IMPREGNATED WITH SOME CHEMICALS AND FINISHED(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2010) Kol, Hamiyet Sahin; Uysal, Burhanettin; Kurt, Seref; Ozcan, CemalThe objective of this research was to investigate the effects of some impregnation materials and varnishes on the thermal conductivity of oak wood. Ammonium sulfate, borax, boric acid, zinc chloride, diammonium phosphate, and sodium silicate as impregnation chemicals and polyurethane, cellulosic, synthetic, coloured varnishes and cellulosic, synthetic, industrial paints as finishes were used. The wood materials were impregnated by using the vacuum-pressure method. The thermal conductivity test was performed based on the ASTM C 1113-99 hot-wire method. Results showed that the impregnation chemicals increased the thermal conductivity. The highest values were obtained with boric acid and sodium silicate. In addition, the thermal conductivity of painted oak was higher than that of varnished oak. The lowest thermal conductivity of 0.1465 Kcal/mh degrees C was obtained with the oak control. The highest thermal conductivity of 0.1756 Kcal/mh degrees C was obtained when oak was painted with industrial paint and impregnated with boric acid.Öğe Thermal conductivity of oriental beech impregnated with fire retardant(Springer, 2009) Kurt, Seref; Uysal, Burhanettin; Ozcan, CemalThis study aims to describe the effects of wood material (oriental beech) impregnated with ammonium sulfate, borax, boric acid, and zinc chloride by using two different methods (pressure and dipping) and finishes with the effects of different varnishes (polyurethane, cellulosic, synthetic) and paints (cellulosic, synthetic, industrial) on thermal conductivity. These materials were used as fire retardants. The lowest thermal conductivity of 0.143 kcal/m hA degrees C was obtained in oriental beech control samples. The highest thermal conductivity of 0.172 kcal/m hA degrees C was obtained in oriental beech impregnated with ammonium sulfate by using pressure and varnished with synthetic varnish. Consequently, wood impregnated with ammonium sulfate by using pressure and finished with synthetic varnish can be used as a construction material where thermal conductivity is required. Wood impregnated with borax by dipping and finished with cellulosic varnish can be used as a construction material where the insulation is required.
