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Öğe DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE OF BRIQUETTES OBTAINED USING INNER AND OUTER SHELLS OF PISTACHIO NUTS(Agronomski Fakultet Sveucilista U Zagrebu, 2015) Polat, R.; Oguz, H.; Aktas, T.; Erdogdu, A. E.In this research, moisture content, ash ratio and calorific values of briquettes were determined for briquetted inner and outer shells of pistachio nuts after the processing of pistachio nuts that were dried and separated from shell parts during processing. Inner and outer shells of pistachio nuts were grinded and formed into briquette form. Briquettes were prepared using olive prina as additive with % 20, % 30 and % 40 ratio and were compressed using briquetting machine. At the end of the briquetting process, briquettes of 100 mm in diameter and the length of 10-30 cm were obtained. Moisture and ash content with calorific values of samples which were formed into briquette were determined. As a result of these evaluations, improvements of physical features were observed in addition to the increase of briquette's olive prina ratios obtained in consequence of briquetting of pistachio shells by being mixed olive prina. It was determined that increasing of olive prina rate decreased calorific value.Öğe Determination of Cutting Properties, Protein and Mineral Content of Silage Corn Stalk(Chemical Publishing Co., 2009) Kocabiyik, H.; Polat, R.; Oktem, A.The present research determined maximum shearing force, shearing stress, shearing energy and specific shearing energy for silage corn stalks. The mechanics of shearing on rigid surfaces was investigated via cutting tests. Shearing forces were measured using a cutting experiment setup and dynamometer. The specific shearing energy was calculated by using the area under the cutting force curve versus displacement curve. The shearing properties of corn stalks were evaluated at three moisture content levels of 66.5,53.6 and 45.8 % d.b. The shearing properties were also evaluated at four sections of the corn stalks, from the bottom to the top (0-10,10-20,20-30 and 30-40 cm). At the end of the research, maximum shearing force, shearing stress, total shearing energy and specific shearing energy increased from 63.36 to 97.28 N, from 93.16 to 143.38 MPa, from 216.36 to 284.93 J and from 35.18 to 57.21 J cm2, respectively in the moisture range from 66.5 to 45.8 % db. The results showed that the shearing values increased as the moisture content increased from the lower to the upper stalk sections. The protein content of silage corn stalk was 2.49 %. Macro nutrient values in the silage corn stalk such as Ca, P and S were determined as 0.346,0.156 and 0.140 %, respectively.Micro nutrient values in the silage corn stalk such as Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn values were 10.32,2.92,13.12 and 16.44 mg kg-1, respectively.Öğe Determination of spring rigidity and fruit detachment force with respect to harvesting technique in pistachio nut trees(2011) Polat, R.; Acar, I.; Cem, Bilim, H.I.; Saglam, R.; Bekir, Erol, A.K.It is necessary to identify some of the tree and fruit features in order to design and select machines that harvest fruit with mechanical methods. This work aims to identify the dynamic tree features of vibration rigid and fruit holding force for harvesting with mechanical methods. The work investigated the vibration rigid for both limb and trunk of pistachio tree. Also, it determined the effect of the diameters of limb and trunk on vibration rigid. The ratio of fruit holding force and fruit weight was identified. The results have shown that the vibration rigid of tree increases with the diameter of limb and trunk. At the implications for Siirt type pistachio, at 10,0-15,1 cm stem thickness the stiffness rigidity is 219,38 N/cm and at 30,1-35,0 cm it is 416,41 N/cm. At another implication for Uzun type pistachio, at 10,0-15,1 cm stem thickness the stiffness rigidity is 240,23 N/cm and at 30,1-35,0 cm it is 392,42 N/cm. The FDF/W ratio for Uzun cultivar Pistachio Nut varied from 235, 57 N/g to 57, 27 N/g within one month of tests. The FDF/W ratio for Siirt cultivar Pistachio Nut varied from 346,03 N/g to 52,67 N/g. © 2011 Academic Journals.Öğe Effect of different defoliants and application times on the yield and quality components of cotton in semi-arid conditions(2010) Çopur, O.; Demirel, U.; Polat, R.; Gür, M.A.This study was conducted to determine the effect of different defoliants (Dropp ultra® (DU): thidiazuron+diuron and Roundup (RU): glyphosate) and application times [60, 75 and 90 days after flowering (DAF)] on cotton. The research was carried out at the Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture Research and Application Center in 2001 and 2002 using cotton variety cv. Stoneville-453. Experiments were arranged as split plot design with three replications. Defoliations were at the main plots and application times at the subplots. Experimental plots were consisted of six rows, 10 m in length, inter-row was 0.70 m and intra-row spacing was 0.20 m. The results of the study indicated that the application of DU defoliant at 60 days after flowering reduced seed cotton yield, number of bolls, boll weight and lint index. With this, seed cotton yield, number of bolls, boll weight and lint index increased with delayed defoliation time in both years. Also, there were no statistically significant differences between the treatments in terms of ginning outturn, fiber length, fiber strength and fiber fineness. It was also found that the application of 2000 cc ha-1 RU was not enough as a dose to affect leaf defoliation and other investigated components. © 2010 Academic Journals.Öğe Effects of different soil cultivation methods on soil structure, soil-water balance, yield and quality in pistachio orchards(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2011) Bilim, H.I.C.; Sarpkaya, K.; Acar, I.; Tahtaci, S.A.; Aydin, Y.; Kalkanci, N.; Polat, R.This study was carried out in the years 2002-2007 at Fistiklik Farm, which is under the Pistachio Research Institute Directorate's in Dry Conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soil cultivation systems in pistachio orchards on yield, development, fruit quality characteristics, alien vegetation, the economy of mechanization in operation, and some soil physical properties. In addition, consumptions of fuel and time spent on equipment per unit area, were also determined. In the study, traditional methods applied by farmers as as well as 5 different methods of cultivation and plot design were established with three replications. Results showed that the traditional method's fuel consumption was the highest and working capacity was lower. With Traditional (farmer conditions) Soil Cultivation Methods at the T2 (Plough + Cultivator (in winter with the mouldboard plow a deep version + in spring with cultivator a superficial version+ Tapan) method was found approximately 64% lower. Similarly, during the period of study ofthe traditional and methods of soil cultivation, the T2 method showed approximately 65% and the T1method 31% Groopman. The T2 soil cultivation method retain the highest moisture in the soil. In terms of water conservation; the retention of moisture in the soil was observed to be 12.47% more on the T2 method than the traditional soil cultivation method applied by farmers. Economically, the T2 method achieved 10.2% higher earnings than the traditional soil cultivation method.Öğe Effects of Ethephone Application on Different Harvesting Methods and Hulling of Walnut Husk(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2014) Yalcin, M.; Acican, T.; Alibas, K.; Erturk, U.; Akca, Y.; Polat, R.It is necessary to benefit from mechanization applications to decrease costs in walnut growing. Mechanical harvest especially plays a very important role in decreasing cost of harvesting in the growing period. The kernel of walnut ripens approximately three weeks before the husk (outer green skin) cracks. The husk not ripening at the same time with the kernel makes both traditional and mechanical harvests difficult. In this study, the efficiency of different harvesting methods and the effect on hulling of applied ethephon in walnut trees were investigated. Ethephon at 1000 ppm dose was applied with a turbo pulverizer which is P.t.o. driven until the run-off of the whole trees in the early morning hours. Just before and seven days after (at harvesting time) the ethephon applications, removal force of fruit was measured. After different harvesting methods such as tree trunk shaker, tree branch shaker, and traditional (stick beating) were completed, the comparisons of efficiency and time saving of these methods were carried out. At the end of the study, it was determined that applying ethephone increased the efficiency of the machine. It was investigated that facilitating of disjunction of the fruit by ethephon application increased the success of the mechanical harvest. It was also determined that positive contribution of ethephon was apparent in the hulling of the husk.Öğe Effects of ethephone application on different harvesting methods and hulling of walnut husk(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2014) Yalçin, M.; Acican, T.; Alibas, K.; Ertürk, U.; Akça, Y.; Polat, R.It is necessary to benefit from mechanization applications to decrease costs in walnut growing. Mechanical harvest especially plays a very important role in decreasing cost of harvesting in the growing period. The kernel of walnut ripens approximately three weeks before the husk (outer green skin) cracks. The husk not ripening at the same time with the kernel makes both traditional and mechanical harvests difficult. In this study, the efficiency of different harvesting methods and the effect on hulling of applied ethephon in walnut trees were investigated. Ethephon at 1000 ppm dose was applied with a turbo pulverizer which is P.t.o. driven until the run-off of the whole trees in the early morning hours. Just before and seven days after (at harvesting time) the ethephon applications, removal force of fruit was measured. After different harvesting methods such as tree trunk shaker, tree branch shaker, and traditional (stick beating) were completed, the comparisons of efficiency and time saving of these methods were carried out. At the end of the study, it was determined that applying ethephone increased the efficiency of the machine. It was investigated that facilitating of disjunction of the fruit by ethephon application increased the success of the mechanical harvest. It was also determined that positive contribution of ethephon was apparent in the hulling of the husk.Öğe Investigation of erosive wear behavior of granulated blast furnace slag on hard coated and uncoated steels(Gazi Universitesi Muhendislik-Mimarlik, 2019) Demirsöz, R.; Polat, R.; Türk, A.; Erdogan, G.One of the biggest problems in industrial plants is wear that directly affects equipment life. In integrated plants such as blast furnaces, many types of wear are encountered, one of which is erosive wear. Slurry erosion is one of the effective types of erosive wear. During the transfer of the slag into the liquid medium, the transport equipment is exposed to slurry erosion. The high amount of erosion seriously shortens the life of the equipment where the transportation is carried out and increases the maintenance-repair costs. In this study, blast furnace slag was used in the slurry erosive wear test system and the abrasivity of the St 37-2 reference standard pipe material, Hardox 400 and W2C-NiCrBSi coating materials was investigated. The slag was sieved to an average particle size of 505 ?m and slurry containing 10%, 20% and 30% by weight of slag was prepared. The experiments were carried out at 2 m/s and 4 m/s peripheral speed values at the partical normal impact angle (90°). It has been determined by these experimental studies that the abrasivity of the slag prepared at a certain grain size is directly related to the concentration and the rotation speed (material conveyance speed) and that the wear is also increased by increasing the concentration and rotation speed. The wear values of the materials used as specimens are determined from high to low respectively as St 37-2, Hardox 400 and W2C-NiCrBSi coating material. In addition, the morphological structures of the worn surfaces were examined using SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) in order to understand the wear mechanisms. © 2019 Gazi Universitesi Muhendislik-Mimarlik. All rights reserved.Öğe Present status of energy use in Karabuk industry (Turkey) and energy conversion potential in its steel production sector(2011) Polat, R.; Özcan, H.; Uysal, C.In this paper, economic and industrial parameters of Karabuk city have been assessed, a detailed comparison of production sectors has been done and several designations have been made on energy waste in the energy-intensive steel industry. 22% of total industrial facilities in Karabuk produce steel and its derivatives, but 90% of the total energy is used by steel production industry. Steel production needs high energy consumption. At the production process of steel, high efficient electrical energy converts into low efficient thermal energy. This transformation brings a high rate of energy loss. By increasing energy need in the world, those who are concerned maintain energy saving attempts and designate energy loss ratios of energy systems. In this study, specifications of energy wastes of energetic systems have been estimated and energy efficiency potential of various energetic systems has been evaluated. Assessments have indicated that 20 to 45%, 25 to 35%, 20 to 45%, 20 to 40%, 15 to 30%, 15 to 45%, 10 to 30% of average current energy in steel, textile, food, chemical process, mining, casting and cement and other sectors can be conserved, respectively. © 2011 Academic Journals.Öğe A study on the chopping and mixing of cotton stalks with soil(2010) Saglam, C.; Kaplan, F.; Polat, R.This study examined the methods adopted in Turkey to remove cotton stalks remaining in the field after the cotton harvest and quantified the efficiency of different mechanized stalk choppers. In this study, the performance of three different types of cotton stalk choppers was assessed (chain-type, splined-type and vertical-blade rotating dredge). Field experiments were conducted with each type to determine the proportion of non-uprooted cotton stalks; mean "post-chopping height" of the stalks, measured from soil surface; and the frequency distribution of the piece length of the stalks scattered around the field or mixed with soil after chopping. In addition, the workforce requirement, using time and fuel consumption of each type of chopper was calculated. The lowest fuel consumption was recorded by the chain-type stalk chopper (5.0 l/da), while the highest fuel consumption was recorded by the vertical-blade rotating dredge (7.1 l/ha). The largest "mean post-chopping piece size" was achieved by the vertical-blade rotating dredge plus geared cylinder (28.36 cm), while the smallest size was recorded by the splinedtype stalk chopper (13.38 cm). The highest rate of stalks mixed with the soil after chopping was achieved by the splined-type stalk copper (92.5%). © 2010 Academic Journals.Öğe Tensile test specimen preparing three different cutting method influence on the AA 6061-T6(BHR Group Limited, 2014) Kartal, F.; Gokkaya, H.; Yerlikaya, Z.; Polat, R.Aluminum 6061 (T6) material which is widely used in aviation and defense industries was treated with tensile test in this study. The samples for tensile test were manufactured using three production methods (namely, milling, CO2laser and abrasive water jet (AWJ). Following the tests sample surfaces were assessed for their surface roughness values. Samples which meet the TS EN ISO 6892-1 standard were assessed for their tensile strength, yield strength, percentage elongation and constriction. Among the test samples, sample prepared by milling proved to provide the best surface roughness value (1.32 ?m). The highest tensile strength was obtained from the sample prepared using AWJ while the lowest was obtained from the sample prepared using laser cutting. Samples prepared using abrasive water jet showed 6.57 % difference in terms of tensile strength from samples prepared using milling. © BHR Group 2014 Water Jetting 22.Öğe Thermal analysis and linear optical properties of (1-x)TeO2-(x)ZnCl2 optical glasses for photonic applications(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015) Kabalci, I.; Körpe, N.O.; Polat, R.The investigation covers the thermal and linear optical properties of binary TeO2-ZnCl2 optical glass systems contain different ZnCl2 compositions ranging from 10 to 40mol%. Preparation of the glass systems were realized by melting the mixture of TeO2 and ZnCl2 chemicals in a platinum crucible at 850°C for 60 min in air. In the experiments, thermal analysis was performed to determine the thermal characteristics such as, glass transition (Tg), crystallization (Tp), and melting (Tm) temperatures for different heating rates (B=10, 20, 30 and 40 °C/min) by using the differential thermal analysis (DTA) plot. By considering the DTA plots, the crystallization activation energies were determined by using the Ozawa and modified Kissinger equations. Finally, thermal analysis show that the crystallization activation energies were 487.6kJ/mol, 215.8kJ/mol, 392.kJ/mol, and 273.3kJ/mol for the x=10, 20, 30, and 40mol% ZnCl2 contents, respectively. Optical band gaps (direct and indirect) and Urbach energies of the glass samples were estimated from the absorption spectra measured between 300 and 800nm. The direct band gap energies decrease from 3.65 eV to 3.35 eV, and indirect band gap energies also decrease from 3.59 eV to 3.30 eV by increasing the ZnCl2 content from 10 to 40 mol%, respectively. © 2015 IEEE.
