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Öğe Characterization and in vitro bioactivity analysis of apatite growth on modified calcium borate silicate ceramic(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Saud, A. Najah; Koc, Erkan; Ozdemir, OlcayBioactive glasses are considered biocompatible materials that form a hydroxyapatite-like layer on the surface that allows strong adhesion to soft and hard tissues. This study aims to develop a method to fabricate a borate silicate ceramic biomaterial with a chemical composition of Ca11Si4B2O22 using sodium metaborate (NaBO2) as a flux. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy energy distribution spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) were used to analyze the structure, surface composition and chemical bonding of the bioactive borate silicate. In addition, the pH measurements and biodegradability behavior of the fabricated glass structures were investigated after immersion in simulated body fluid for 2, 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. The results showed that the glass-ceramic structure, which was transferred from the crystalline phase Ca11Si4B2O22 to a hydroxyapatite phase after incubation, started on the second day. In addition, the formed hydroxyapatite crystals developed due to the prolonged immersion time, reflecting biodegradable behavior. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared ceramic showed high inhibitory activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans.Öğe Current Bio-based Cements and Radioactive Opacifiers in Endodontic Approaches: A Review of the Materials Used in Clinical Practice(Pera Yayincilik Hizmetleri, 2023) Saud, A. Najah; Koc, Erkan; Ozdemir, OlcayObjective: This study aims to evaluate the importance of endodontic root canal sealers in filling cavities and irregularities in root canals with the primary goal of minimizing or eliminating bacterial residues. Despite this crucial objective, it's noteworthy that several conventional sealers have been linked to adverse effects, such as impaired wound healing, inflammation, and bone resorption. Therefore, there is a constant search for an optimal sealer that can effectively mimic the properties of lost tissue while maintaining an acceptable level of biological, physicochemical and biocompatible properties. The present study analyzes bioceramic cement's properties in endodontics through a comprehensive review of the available literature. Also, to evaluate the beneficial properties and characteristics of the biomaterials highlighted in this work. Methods: The present study used a systematic review approach to conduct a comprehensive literature search to find relevant publications on bioceramic cement properties in the endodontics field. Articles were retrieved using MeSH keywords and digital searches of journal websites. The selected studies were examined to extract data on sealability, bioactivity, pH, cytotoxicity, color change, radiopacity, edge adaptation, adhesive strength, antibacterial properties and biocompatibility. Results: The results of the reviewed research show that bioceramic endodontic cement has favorable properties for the therapeutic treatment of root canals. The literature highlights the material's biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, bioactivity, radiopacity, appropriate pH value, favorable edge adaptation, high adhesive strength, practical sealability, antibacterial properties and minimal color change. Conclusion: Research results to date indicate that biomaterials used in endodontics have beneficial properties for root canal therapy and mimicking natural tissue regeneration. The beneficial properties of these materials, such as their biocompatibility, bioactivity, radiopacity, pH stability, edge conformability, adhesion strength, sealability and antibacterial properties, make it a promising replacement for traditional sealers. Further studies are needed to investigate the extended clinical effectiveness of the above intervention and to refine its composition to improve the outcomes associated with endodontic therapies.Öğe The Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Assays of Mg-Ag Alloy Doped with Zn, Ca, and Nd Elements(Springer, 2023) Elen, Levent; Turen, Yunus; Cicek, Bunyamin; Bozer, Busra Moren; Saud, A. Najah; Koc, ErkanMagnesium alloys are being studied for their potential as biodegradable metals, and there is a growing need for multipurpose materials, such as those with more than one use. Binary Mg-Ag alloys were developed as implant materials, combining the beneficial qualities of magnesium with silver's well-known compatibility feature. The result shows that as the amount of the added Ag in the cast alloys increased, the secondary phases (Mg4Ag and Mg54Ag17) that appeared in the structure became more pronounced, and the grains became finer. The best percentage of Ag was found to be 3%, so Ca, Zn and Nd were added, and a study of the biocompatible Mg-3Ag alloy's cytotoxicity and genotoxicity showed that the alloy is safe for cells. In conclusion, 1/1 (total material concentration) cell viability for QE-30, QZ-30, QX-30, and QZEX3000 was 79.39 +/- 1.85, 106.46 +/- 1.99, 93.55 +/- 2.4, and 141.76 +/- 2.71%, respectively. Reducing material concentration by 50% (application at 1/2 concentration) raised viability to 96.83 +/- 1.35, 108.40 +/- 1.92, 124.71 +/- 2.76, and 129.05 +/- 3.5%, indicating the as-cast Mg + 3%Ag + 0.5% Nd-Ca-Zn alloy was extremely biocompatible.Öğe Effect of Rolling Deformation on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As-Cast and Rolled ZM21 Magnesium Alloy(Springer, 2023) Ozdemir, Umit; Koc, Erkan; Turen, Yunus; Elen, Levent; Cicek, Bunyamin; Saud, A. NajahThe current study aimed to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZM21 magnesium alloy by using the rolling thermomechanical process at various temperatures (275 and 375 degrees C) and rates (40 and 60%). The rolled samples' grain size was examined, and it was found that the grain size decreased by 40% during hot deformation, reaching a grain size of 15.91 mu m. Surface roughness values were examined and found to be the lowest (parallel and perpendicular to the rolling direction) at a 60% rolling rate in 275 degrees C and the highest 40% at 375 degrees C. The highest tensile strength was obtained at a rolling rate of 60% at 375 degrees C, but it showed brittle fracture during testing. Accordingly, while the 275 degrees C rolled samples showed ductile fracture behavior, a slight reduction in mechanical properties was observed when the rolling ratio was set at 60%.Öğe Evaluation of antibacterial and biocompatibility of radiopaque bioactive glass-based endodontic cements(Elsevier, 2025-01-06) Saud, A. Najah; Koç, Erkan; Özdemir, Olcay; Cetin Y.; Yildizhan Y.This study evaluated the antibacterial properties, hemocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of bioactive glass ceramic-based endodontic cement formulated with various radiopaque active ingredients with varying concentrations (0, 15, and 20 wt%). Antibacterial activity against E. faecalis was assessed using colony-forming unit (CFU) assays. The results showed significant antimicrobial activity of the bioactive glass-based cement, which was enhanced by adding radiopaque active ingredients. Lanthanum oxide exhibited the highest antibacterial activity at a concentration of 20 %, reducing the CFU count from 6,000,000 (control) to 1,190,000. Bismuth oxide and samarium oxide also showed dose-dependent improvements in antibacterial properties. Hemocompatibility analysis revealed that all cement samples, including those containing radiopaque agents, remained nonhemolytic after 1-h- and 24-h incubation, indicating excellent compatibility with human blood. Cell viability testing with the L929 cell line showed that the cement samples achieved the required cell viability threshold of 70 % according to ISO 10993–5:2009 over 1, 3, and 7 days of exposure. Genotoxicity assessment using comet assay revealed no detectable DNA damage in the cement samples compared to the negative control. These comprehensive results confirm the biocompatibility and strong antibacterial properties of the bioactive glass ceramic-based endodontic cement samples containing various radiopacity agents.Öğe Incorporation of B and V oxides into bioactive glass by melt quenching: In vitro studies for bone regeneration applications(Elsevier BV, 2025-01) Ibadi, Anmar Fouad Kadhim; Saud, A. Najah; Incesu, AlperIn this study, glass-ceramics with a weight composition of 40-X% SiO₂, 24.5 % CaO, 14.5 % Na₂O, 6.0 % P₂O₅, 15 % B₂O₃, and X% V₂O₅ (X = 1, 3, and 5) were produced using the melt quenching method. Vanadium pentoxide and boron oxide were suggested to lower production melting temperatures. Several techniques were used to confirm the composition and amorphous nature of the glass-ceramics, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TG), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). All samples were incubated in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution at 37 °C for 3, 7, 14, and 21 days to determine their bioactivity under in vitro conditions. The XRD pattern indicates insufficient crystalline phase formation, possibly due to V₂O₅ inhibiting apatite growth and promoting amorphous calcium phosphate. Precipitates in the glass-ceramic show increased lattice constants when apatite combines with boron. SEM images reveal surface precipitation and the development of hydroxyapatite (HA) after 21 days of immersion in SBF; EDS analysis confirms the presence of the expected ions. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis shows the dominance of the silicate network in the glass-ceramics, with characteristic bands at specific frequencies.Öğe Investigation of Intermetallic Phase Fractions and Dry-corrosive Wear Properties in Mg-Al-Si Ternary Alloy(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2024) Cicek, Bunyamin; Elen, Levent; Koc, Erkan; Saud, A. Najah; Sun, YavuzThis study produced a non-standard alloy of 85% Mg, 13.5% Al, and 1.5% Si by weight. In-depth microstructural, chemical, and morphological analyses of the secondary beta phases formed in the MgAlSi alloy were conducted. The formation processes of the intermetallic phases were also examined. Image processing was applied to the obtained microstructures using the Image-J program. The average alloy had a matrix alpha phase to secondary beta phase ratio of approximately 60/40. Furthermore, a dry and corrosive wear test were applied to the MgAlSi alloy by means of reciprocating motion. The wear rate was calculated to be at least 0.00137 mm(3)/Nm, indicating that the unique MgAlSi ternary alloy produced had very high wear resistance due to the presence of intermetallic phases.Öğe A novel strategy to synthesize bioactive glass based on the eutectic reaction of B2O3-K2O(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Saud, A. Najah; Koc, Erkan; Ozdemir, OlcayMelt-derived route was used to prepare modified bioactive glass-ceramic based on the 45S5 composition with the same network connectivity. Their phase composition, sinterability, and bioactivity were studied. A modified composition was proposed using potassium tetraborate (K2B4O7) to reduce the melting temperature during manufacture. The phase composition and the bioactivity was determined by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties were evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis. The result shows that glass-ceramics already had P-O and C-O bond functional groups on day 2. These bonds are responsible for the creation of the HCA layer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) investigations showed that, after being immersed in SBF solution, a layer of hydroxyapatite (HA) formed on both BG surfaces on day 2 and that by day 21, HCA cluster crystals had developed. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy metrics of ionic release from the prepared glass-ceramic, mainly calcium and phosphorus ions in SBF solution, revealed that HCA formation occurred on both BG surfaces, which correlated to the increasing pH within 2 days of incubation; furthermore, it exhibited good antibacterial behavior against the Enterococcus faecalis.
