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    Development of organic phosphorus vermicompost from raw phosphate rock using microorganisms and enzymes and its effect on tomato yield
    (Elsevier, 2023) Turan, Metin; Kocaman, Ayhan; Tufenkci, Sefik; Katircioglu, Hikmet; Gunes, Adem; Kitir, Nurgul; Giray, Gulay
    Chemical phosphorus and other chemical fertilizers undergo certain changes in the soil. These changes cause crop yield loss because of changes in soil pH and EC. In addition, other toxic compounds accumulate. They also lead to serious soil contamination and threaten the environment. In this study, vermicompost was developed from raw phosphate rock by using microorganisms and phosphorus solubilizing enzymes (protease, lipase, dehydroge & PRIME;nase, hydrolase, urea, nitrogenesis, cellulose) to eliminate phosphorus deficiency in soil. Two-year greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the organic phosphorus humus produced after six months of mineralization, and tomato plants were grown. As a result of these experiments, the effects on yield and physicochemical properties of the tomato plant were studied. Earthworm fertilizer at a rate of 4500 kg ha-1 increased the tomato yield of 22.12% compared to the control application, in the two-years means. In addition, the effect on nutrient content of tomato plants resulted in statistically significant increases (p < 0.05). When the macronutrient concentrations in the leaves of the plant were examined, they were considered to have reached the level of sufficiency. It was also found that the content of amino acids, chlorophyll and antioxidants in the tomato plant reached the highest levels compared to the control application. Based on our results, it was concluded that this organic fertilizer will contribute to higher crop yields in plants of cultural and commercial importance and to other plant growth parameters.
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    Development of plant-friendly vermicompost using novel biotechnological methods
    (Springer, 2023) Kocaman, Ayhan; Turan, Metin; Tufenkci, Sefik; Katircioglu, Hikmet; Gunes, Adem; Kitir, Nurgul; Giray, Gulay
    For the first time in the world, raw tea waste from tea plants was mineralized by rapid biotechnological methods using beneficial worms, enzymes (protease, lipase, dehydrogenase, hydrolase, urease, nitrogenase, cellulase) and microorganisms (Aspergillus flavus, Bifidobacterium spp. Bacillus subtilis, Rhodotorula spp., Lactobacillus, Rhodopseudomas spp.). Thus, biocompost technology was developed to create an exclusive organic tea fertilizer. The biocompost product was developed in a plant-friendly format for sustainable use of local resources. It was rich in organic material and free from diseases and pathogens, according to organic farming methods. It was also reliable in terms of heavy metal content. In the biocompost study, the application of five different compost mixtures and three different application methods were investigated. Worm + Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria + enzymes accelerated the mineralization of the compost among the studies, and the lowest C/N and OM % ratio was obtained. The other physical and chemical parameters were also in accordance with the ideal values determined in the literature. Also, the increase of nitrogen without nitrogen loss during the composting process shows that mineralization was successfully completed. In concluded, it can be suggested that the developed organic worm compost fertilizer can be used on agricultural land and in regenerative agriculture.
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    The effect of novel biotechnological vermicompost on tea yield, plant nutrient content, antioxidants, amino acids, and organic acids as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for sustainability
    (Bmc, 2024) Kocaman, Ayhan; Inci, Yusra; Kitir, Nurgul; Turan, Metin; Argin, Sanem; Yildirim, Ertan; Giray, Gulay
    In this study, the performance of a novel organic tea compost developed for the first time in the world from raw tea waste from tea processing factories and enriched with worms, beneficial microorganisms, and enzymes was tested in comparison to chemical fertilizers in tea plantations in Rize and Artvin provinces, where the most intensive tea cultivation is carried out in Turkey. In the field trials, the developed organic tea vermicompost was incorporated into the root zones of the plants in the tea plantations in amounts of 1000 (OVT1), 2000 (OVT2) and 4000 (OVT4) (kg ha(-1)). The experimental design included a control group without OVT applications and positive controls with chemical fertilizers (N: P: K 25:5:10, (CF) 1200 kg ha(-1)) commonly used by local growers. The evaluation included field trials over two years. The average yields obtained in two-year field trials in five different areas were: Control (6326), OVT1 (7082), OVT2 (7408), OVT4 (7910), and CF (8028) kg ha(-1). Notably, there was no significant statistical difference in yields between the organic (at 4000 kg ha(-1) ) and chemical fertilizers (at 1200 kg ha(-1)). The highest nutrient contents were obtained when CF and OVT4 were applied. According to the average values across all regions, the application of OVT4 increased the uptake of 63% N, 18% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 19% Na, 29% Ca, 28% Zn, 11% Cu and 24% Mn compared to the control group. The application of chemical fertilizers increased the uptake of 75% N, 21% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 28% Na, 27% Ca, 30% Zn, 18% Cu and 31% Mn compared to the control group. The organic fertilizer treatment had the lowest levels of antioxidants compared to the control groups and the chemical fertilizers. It was also found that the organic fertilizer increased the levels of amino acids, organic acids and chlorophyll in the tea plant. Its low antioxidant activity and proline content prepared them for or protected them from stress conditions. With these properties, the biotechnologically developed organic tea compost fertilizer has proven to be very promising for tea cultivation and organic plant production.
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    Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
    (Mdpi, 2022) Turan, Metin; Ekinci, Melek; Kul, Raziye; Kocaman, Ayhan; Argin, Sanem; Zhirkova, Anastasia M.; Perminova, Irina, V
    Iron deficiency, which severely decreases the plant yield and quality, is one of the major problems of calcareous soils. Foliar applications of humic substances and/or Fe fertilizers are environmentally friendly methods to cope with Fe deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of Fe/nano Fe and humic/fulvic acid-based biostimulant foliar applications on the Fe content and plant growth parameters of spinach. Treatment solutions were prepared either by mixing a common Fe fertilizer, FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O, with different commercial biostimulants (Fulvic-based: Fulvagra (R), Fulvagra (R) WSG; Humic-based: HS300 (R), Humin Fe (R) and Liqhumusc), Grevenbroich, Germany) or by mixing nano ferrihydrite with different ratios of fulvic substance (FA-50, FA-75, and FA-100) and humic acid (Nano Iron). Growth parameters (plant fresh and dry weights, plant dry matter, root fresh and dry weights, root dry matter, leaf number per plant, and leaf area); chlorophyll reading value (SPAD); chlorophyll (a,b, and total) and carotenoid contents; and leaf and root mineral contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Zn, B, active Fe, and total Fe) of samples were determined. Our results showed that foliar application of biostimulants together with Fe sources improved the nutrient uptake, chlorophyll contents, growth characteristics, and yield; however, not all humic substances had the same effect. When all parameters were considered, Fulvagra treatment-which contained 17% fulvic acid and microorganisms in its content together with 20 mM FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O-was the most effective application, followed by FA100 treatment containing fulvic acid and 20 mM nano ferrihydrite. This finding indicates that fulvic acid containing biostimulants is more effective in foliar applications than humic-based biostimulants against Fe deficiency due to their low molecular weight which enables better penetration into the leaves. In conclusion, foliar applications of fulvic substances together with Fe fertilizers can be used to increase the Fe uptake of crops and the yields under Fe-deficient conditions.
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    Optimization of Urea Fertilization with Various Doses and Applications on the Yield and Quality of the Hazelnut
    (Springer, 2024) Ozkutlu, Faruk; Turan, Metin; Kebapci, Tugba; Aydemir, Ozlem Ete; Kocaman, Ayhan
    Nitrogen (N) fertilization is one of the necessary elements in the production of hazelnuts. Therefore, the excessive introduction of nitrogen into the soil at once, in order to satisfy this requirement, causes it to leach easily from the soil. The aim of this research was to ensure that nitrogen fertilization applied to hazelnut production is washed off the soil to a minimum level. It was also a matter of developing methods to obtain the highest yield with optimal N fertilization in order to provide a high level of availability to the plant. For this reason, the urea fertilizer was studied with two applications and methods. According to the results of the research, it was concluded that the subsurface application of urea fertilizer at the rate of 50% twice enhanced the effect on the quantitative and qualitative properties of hazelnut. As a result, protein levels, kernel ratio, nutrients concentration in the leaf and yield in hazelnut statistically increased.
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    Removal performance of leonardite toward volatile organic compounds and toxic metals from landfill leachates
    (Wiley, 2024) Kocaman, Ayhan; Turan, Metin; Vakili, Amir Hossein; Savas, Burak Feyyaz; Aydemir, Ozlem Ete; Cakici, Avni
    Leachate from municipal waste contains volatile organic compounds and potentially toxic metals. The leaching of which into water sources also jeopardizes access to clean water. Therefore, reducing the concentration of pollutants in leachate is important to reduce health risks and environmental pollution. In this study, the efficacy of granulated organic leonardite added to leachate from municipal waste in reducing the toxic concentrations of the leachate for different time points (30, 60, 90, and 120 min) at a shaking speed of 200 rpm was investigated. Results demonstrated that leonardite significantly removed various contaminants, including organic acids (71.16%), alcohols (74.31%), aldehydes (68.01%), esters (78.28%), ethers (81.03%), ketones (68.52%), hydrocarbons (84.25%), N compounds (78.56%), S compounds (80.67%), organic N (86.01%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (93.26%), NH4-N (84.83%), NO3-N (89.30%), SO4 (76.62%), PO4 (73.85%), organic C (50.07%), Hg (96.80%), Pb (95.99%), Cu (82.68%), Al (65.56%), total Cr (98.11%), Cd (99.28%), Li (96.31%), Ni (97.27%), and As (67.79%). The leonardite granules used in this study showed high adsorption and removal performance for organic/inorganic and volatile compounds in landfill leachate. These results indicate that leonardite can be a suitable adsorption material for leachate pretreatment. However, it is necessary to perform a durability test to use the material in the long term as a covering on landfills. Landfill leachate limits people's access to clean water. It potentially contains potentially toxic metals and carcinogenic substances and threatens humans and living organisms by entering the food chain. According to the current study, the use of leonardite in landfills can reduce the content of volatile compounds and potentially toxic metals in leachate which reduces health risks, soil, and water pollution. image
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    Rhizobacteria alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on seedling growth of Capsicum annuum L. by modulating the antioxidant enzyme activity and mineral uptake
    (Natl Taiwan Univ Press, 2021) Ekinci, Melek; Kocaman, Ayhan; Argin, Sanem; Turan, Metin; Dadasoglu, Fatih; Yildirim, Ertan
    Salinity is one of the most important factors restricting vegetative production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study,the effects of the exogenous plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR: Bacillus pumilus UG-41, Bacillus cereus UG-50) application on seedling growth, concentration of plant nutrient elements, antioxidant activity and chlorophyll, proline, sugar, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), hormone contents of pepper seedlings under salinity stress conditions (100 mM NaCl) were investigated. Our results showed that gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), indole acetic acid (IAA), leaf relative water content (LRWC) and the concentration of all plant tissue nutrients investigated except for Na were decreased by salt stress. On the other hand, PGPR treatment increased the plant growth parameters by increasing the proline, sucrose, hormone and chlorophyll contents; altering the mineral uptake and increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity in pepper seedlings under salt stress. In conclusion, PGPR treatment may be used as an effective technique to protect the plants against salinity stress since the bacteria positively impact the ability of the plant to cope with the stress by particularly increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity, hormone level and mineral uptake.
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    Synergistic Strategies for Overcoming Salt Stress in Strawberry Farming: The Use of Organic Fertilizers and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
    (Springer, 2024) Yavuz, Aysegul; Erdogan, Ummugulsum; Turan, Metin; Argin, Sanem; Kocaman, Ayhan
    The study was carried out under salt-stress conditions, and three non-microbial commercial organic fertilizers purchased from Humintech GmbH (Grevenbroich, Germany) were applied to the soil for strawberry plants. The three promoters were Fulvagra (R), based on fulvic acid, Liqhumus (R), based on humic acid, and Microsense Root (R), also based on humic acid. Treatment with Fulvagra (R) resulted in a remarkable 69.90% increase in average fruit weight and a 39.52% increase in yield in strawberry plants. These improvements remained significant when combined with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), resulting in a 61.81% increase in fruit weight and a 45.21% increase in yield. Liqhumus (R) treatment resulted in a significant 49.95% increase in fruit weight and a 39.30% increase in fruit yield. The introduction of PGPR further enhanced these effects by increasing fruit weight by 87.70% and yield by 63.84%. The Microsense Root (R) treatment showed 31.07 and 61.87% improvements for the respective parameters. In conjunction with this treatment, the use of PGPR produced the most significant results, with increases of 121.14 and 65.37% for respective parameters. These results indicate that the combined use of non-microbial commercial organic fertilizers with PGPR leads to higher efficiency and is promising for sustainable agricultural practices, particularly in improving the resistance of strawberry plants to salt-induced stress.
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    The effect of novel biotechnological vermicompost on tea yield, plant nutrient content, antioxidants, amino acids, and organic acids as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for sustainability
    (2024-12-01) Kocaman, Ayhan; İnci, Yüsra; Kıtır, Nurgül; Turan, Metin; Argın, Sanem; Yıldırım, Ertan; Giray, Gülay; Ersoy, Nilda; Güneş, ADEM; Katırcıoğlu, Hikmet; Gürkan, Burak; Bilgili, Ali Volkan; Akça, Melike
    In this study, the performance of a novel organic tea compost developed for the first time in the world from raw tea waste from tea processing factories and enriched with worms, beneficial microorganisms, and enzymes was tested in comparison to chemical fertilizers in tea plantations in Rize and Artvin provinces, where the most intensive tea cultivation is carried out in Turkey. In the field trials, the developed organic tea vermicompost was incorporated into the root zones of the plants in the tea plantations in amounts of 1000 (OVT1), 2000 (OVT2) and 4000 (OVT4) (kg ha-1). The experimental design included a control group without OVT applications and positive controls with chemical fertilizers (N: P: K 25:5:10, (CF) 1200 kg ha-1) commonly used by local growers. The evaluation included field trials over two years. The average yields obtained in two-year field trials in five different areas were: Control (6326), OVT1 (7082), OVT2 (7408), OVT4 (7910), and CF (8028) kg ha-1. Notably, there was no significant statistical difference in yields between the organic (at 4000 kg ha-1) and chemical fertilizers (at 1200 kg ha-1). The highest nutrient contents were obtained when CF and OVT4 were applied. According to the average values across all regions, the application of OVT4 increased the uptake of 63% N, 18% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 19% Na, 29% Ca, 28% Zn, 11% Cu and 24% Mn compared to the control group. The application of chemical fertilizers increased the uptake of 75% N, 21% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 28% Na, 27% Ca, 30% Zn, 18% Cu and 31% Mn compared to the control group. The organic fertilizer treatment had the lowest levels of antioxidants compared to the control groups and the chemical fertilizers. It was also found that the organic fertilizer increased the levels of amino acids, organic acids and chlorophyll in the tea plant. Its low antioxidant activity and proline content prepared them for or protected them from stress conditions. With these properties, the biotechnologically developed organic tea compost fertilizer has proven to be very promising for tea cultivation and organic plant production.