Effects of Metal Chlorides on the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Grape Seeds

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dc.authoridKaragoz, Selhan/0000-0003-4794-6525
dc.authoridUcar, Suat/0000-0002-4677-3717
dc.contributor.authorHasan, Rebaz O.
dc.contributor.authorErcan, Betul
dc.contributor.authorAcikkapi, Ayse N.
dc.contributor.authorUcar, Suat
dc.contributor.authorKaragoz, Selhan
dc.date.accessioned2024-09-29T16:00:58Z
dc.date.available2024-09-29T16:00:58Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.departmentKarabük Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractIn this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of grape seeds, a lignocellulosic biomass, was carried out at various temperatures (200, 225, and 250 degrees C), different reaction times (6, 12, and 24 h), and different biomass:water ratios (0.025, 0.05, and 0.1). The most important parameter affecting the yields and characteristics of hydrochars was found to be temperature. The HTC of grape seeds was then conducted in the presence of metal chlorides (i.e., CsCl, ZnCl2, and SnCl2) at temperatures of 200, 225, and 250 degrees C for 12 h. SnCl2 behaved very differently in the HTC process than the other catalysts (or no catalyst). A major difference among these catalysts was the extent to which they were incorporated within the hydrochar structure. SnCl2 was much more readily incorporated than was CsCI or ZnCl2. Carbon microspheres were observed in hydrochars from obtained biomass without a catalyst and with CsCl and ZnCl2 catalysts; agglomerated carbon nanospheres were observed in hydrochars produced with SnCl2. Hydrochars obtained at 225 and 250 degrees C by using SnCl2 and ZnCl2 catalysts were in the lignite class, while hydrochars obtained from biomass without a catalyst, and using CsCI, were in the peat coal class.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipKarabuk University [KBU FYL-2020-2355]en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThe financial support from Karabuk University under Contract KBU FYL-2020-2355 is gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks go to Dr. Kubilay Tekin for proof reading and Mr. Tolgahan Evcil for technical assistance in the laboratory.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00954
dc.identifier.endpage8843en_US
dc.identifier.issn0887-0624
dc.identifier.issn1520-5029
dc.identifier.issue10en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85106492893en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.startpage8834en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00954
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14619/5466
dc.identifier.volume35en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000655602500027en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2en_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherAmer Chemical Socen_US
dc.relation.ispartofEnergy & Fuelsen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessen_US
dc.subjectLignocellulosic Biomassen_US
dc.subjectLow-Temperatureen_US
dc.subjectCarbon Spheresen_US
dc.subjectPlant-Materialen_US
dc.subjectWood Chipsen_US
dc.subjectHydrocharen_US
dc.subjectCelluloseen_US
dc.subjectGlucoseen_US
dc.subjectAciden_US
dc.subjectDegradationen_US
dc.titleEffects of Metal Chlorides on the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Grape Seedsen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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