Investigation of nanoparticle (Fe3O4) addition to 3rd generation biodiesel (spirulina microalgae)/diesel mixture as an innovative fuel according to different engine variables: An RSM optimization

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dc.authoridUslu, Samet/0000-0001-9118-5108
dc.contributor.authorUslu, Samet
dc.contributor.authorMaki, Duraid F.
dc.contributor.authorAl-gburi, Ali Salam Khaleel
dc.date.accessioned2024-09-29T15:55:19Z
dc.date.available2024-09-29T15:55:19Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentKarabük Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractIn order to reduce dangerous air pollution and lessen the hazards associated with climate change, biofuels made from vegetable biomass can be utilized as fuel in diesel engines. However, feedstocks and the crop space needed for their cultivation are unavoidable barriers that hinder its adoption and result in a shortage of farmland for increasing food profits. Nevertheless, microalgae are the most reliable and competent biodiesel supply because they are not edible and do not require cropland. Additionally, the addition of nanoparticles has become popular to improve the negative aspects of biodiesel. Based on these, in this study, multi-purpose optimization research was conducted on the addition of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in three different amounts (25, 50, and 75 ppm) to 20 % synthesized spirulina microalgae biodiesel (SSMB)/80 % diesel mixtures. Tests were conducted at three different compression ratios (14.5:1, 15.5:1, and 16.5:1) (CoR) and four different engine loads (25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %). The response surface methodology (RSM) optimization process was performed with the test results. According to RSM, a desirability coefficient of 0.8299, 15.80:1 CoR, 68 ppm AoN, and 45 % LoE were the ideal conditions. The optimum responses under these circumstances were 421.9653 g/kWh, 19.4014 %, 0.0939 %, 4.0785 %, 73.1716 ppm and 253.0620 ppm for brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake-thermal efficiency (BTHE), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NOx), respectively. RSM could be used successfully because the error rates (maximum 6.5 %) when comparing the test results with the RSM optimization outcomes were within reasonable bounds.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118481
dc.identifier.issn0196-8904
dc.identifier.issn1879-2227
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85191899518en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118481
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14619/4589
dc.identifier.volume310en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001237257600003en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityN/Aen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherPergamon-Elsevier Science Ltden_US
dc.relation.ispartofEnergy Conversion and Managementen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessen_US
dc.subject3rd generation biodieselen_US
dc.subjectMulti-objective optimizationen_US
dc.subjectSpirulina microalgaeen_US
dc.subjectVariable compression ratioen_US
dc.subjectDiesel engineen_US
dc.titleInvestigation of nanoparticle (Fe3O4) addition to 3rd generation biodiesel (spirulina microalgae)/diesel mixture as an innovative fuel according to different engine variables: An RSM optimizationen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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