Üst Paleolitik Dönem Mağara Resimlerinin Dışavurumcu Taraflarının Yirminci Yüzyıl Alman Ekspresyonist Resim Sanatına Yansımaları
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2023-07-18
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bir akım olarak dışavurumculuk 20. Yüzyılda ortaya çıksa da varlığı çok daha eski dönemlere dayanmaktadır. İnsan için bir ifade iletişim dili olan sanat, doğa ya da hayvan figürlerinin tasvirinde de içsel duygularını, düşüncelerini kısacası ifade etmek istediklerini yansıtmayı amaçlamıştır. Ortaya çıktığı coğrafyanın toplumundan, kültüründen, dini inanışlarından, ekonomi ve siyasi yapısından doğrudan etkilenmektedir. Bu yönüyle tarihe belge niteliği taşımaktadır. Bu araştırmada dışavurumcu yaklaşım Üst Paleolitik Çağ mağara resimlerinden itibaren incelenmeye başlanmıştır. Dini ritüel gereği yapılmış olan mağara resimleri sayesinde Üst Paleolitik dönem insanın yaşam biçimi ve inançları hakkında bilgi sahibi olabilmekteyiz. İnsanın sanat ve estetik kavramlarından haberdar olmadığı süreçte mücadelelerini içgüdüsel olarak yansıtmayı tercih eden eski çağ insanları, resimde kullanmayı tercih ettiği teknik, malzeme, kompozisyon, renk ve imgeler dönem insanının duyguları hakkında da anlatımcı olmuştur. Avrupa Ortaçağ sanatında ifade edilmek istenen dini duyguların ve öğretilerin yer aldığı kilise resimleri incelenirken; Rönesans sanatında, hümanizm düşüncesiyle, bilim, felsefe ışığında eserler dışavurumcu bağlamda incelenmiştir. Avrupa’da Barok, Romantizm ve Realizm sanat dönemleri ise Aydınlanma Felsefesi, Fransız İhtilali ve Sanayi Devrimi ile ortaya çıkan olumlu olumsuz değişimler ve bu değişimlerin görülebildiği sanat eserleri dışavurumcu bağlamda incelenmiştir. 20. yüzyıl iki büyük dünya savaşının yaşandığı, yenidünya düzeninin oluştuğu çağ olmuştur. İki büyük savaşta da etkin rolde bulunan Almanya aynı zamanda sanat tarihinde önemli yeri olan Ekspresyonizmin ortaya çıktığı yerdir. Ekspresyonizmin ortaya çıkışı, gelişimi sanatçılar ve eserleri üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada “dışavurumculuk” yaklaşımının sınırlılıklar içinde bulunan dönemlerde incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılan araştırma beş bölümden oluşmaktadır.
Although expressionism as a movement emerged in the 20th century, its existence dates back to much earlier periods. Art, which is a language of expression for human beings, aimed to reflect their inner feelings and thoughts, in short, what they wanted to express in the depiction of nature or animal figures. It is directly affected by the society, culture, religious beliefs, economy and political structure of the geography where it emerged. In this respect, it is a historical document. In this research, the expressionist approach has been studied since the Upper Paleolithic Age cave paintings. Thanks to the cave paintings made as a requirement of religious ritual, we can have information about the life style and beliefs of the Upper Paleolithic period. The techniques, materials, compositions, colors and images they preferred to use in painting, and the ancient people who instinctively preferred to reflect their struggles in the process when people were not aware of the concepts of art and aesthetics, also became expressive about the feelings of the people of the period. While examining the church paintings, which include the religious feelings and teachings desired to be expressed in European Medieval art; In Renaissance art, the works were examined in the expressionist context in the light of humanism, science and philosophy. Baroque, Romanticism and Realism art periods in Europe, on the other hand, the positive and negative changes that emerged with the Philosophy of Enlightenment, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution, and the works of art in which these changes can be seen are examined in an expressionist context. The 20th century has been the age when two great world wars were experienced and the new world order was formed. Germany, which played an active role in both great wars, is also the place where Expressionism, which has an important place in the history of art, emerged. The emergence and development of expressionism has been examined through artists and their works. In this study, it is aimed to examine the ""expressionism"" approach in the limited periods. The research, in which qualitative research methods are used, consists of five parts."
Although expressionism as a movement emerged in the 20th century, its existence dates back to much earlier periods. Art, which is a language of expression for human beings, aimed to reflect their inner feelings and thoughts, in short, what they wanted to express in the depiction of nature or animal figures. It is directly affected by the society, culture, religious beliefs, economy and political structure of the geography where it emerged. In this respect, it is a historical document. In this research, the expressionist approach has been studied since the Upper Paleolithic Age cave paintings. Thanks to the cave paintings made as a requirement of religious ritual, we can have information about the life style and beliefs of the Upper Paleolithic period. The techniques, materials, compositions, colors and images they preferred to use in painting, and the ancient people who instinctively preferred to reflect their struggles in the process when people were not aware of the concepts of art and aesthetics, also became expressive about the feelings of the people of the period. While examining the church paintings, which include the religious feelings and teachings desired to be expressed in European Medieval art; In Renaissance art, the works were examined in the expressionist context in the light of humanism, science and philosophy. Baroque, Romanticism and Realism art periods in Europe, on the other hand, the positive and negative changes that emerged with the Philosophy of Enlightenment, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution, and the works of art in which these changes can be seen are examined in an expressionist context. The 20th century has been the age when two great world wars were experienced and the new world order was formed. Germany, which played an active role in both great wars, is also the place where Expressionism, which has an important place in the history of art, emerged. The emergence and development of expressionism has been examined through artists and their works. In this study, it is aimed to examine the ""expressionism"" approach in the limited periods. The research, in which qualitative research methods are used, consists of five parts."
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Anahtar Kelimeler
Dışavurumculuk, mağara sanatı, eski çağ, toplum, kültür, Expressionism, cave art, old age, society, culture
