İslam Hukukunda Akıl Hastalıklarının Muâmelâta Etkisi
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2020-09-11
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
İslam Hukukunda cenin safhasından başlayarak, aklî ve bedenî gelişime paralel bir şekilde zamanla şekillenen ehliyet, dini-hukuki fiillere muhatap olunması hususunda birincil unsur olmaktadır. Aktif-pasifliğine göre edâ ve vücûb ehliyeti olarak ikili tasnifi yapılan bu unsurun, birtakım arızalar sebebiyle kısıtlanması veya tamamen ortadan kalkması söz konusudur. Kişinin ehliyetini olumsuz yönde etkileyen bu arızalar ise karşılaşılmış/kazanılmış olması açısından semâvî ve mükteseb arızalar şeklinde incelenmektedir. Burada önemli nokta kişinin ehliyet arızasının olması durumunda yapılacak hukuki işlemlerin hangi doğrultuda etkileneceğidir. Günümüzde akıl hastalığı olarak adlandırılan şizofreni, Alzheimer, epilepsi gibi pek çok rahatsızlığın İslam Hukukunda cünûn, ateh, sefeh gibi değişik başlıklar altında incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Nitekim akıl hastalığı kapsamındaki her rahatsızlığın cünûn başlığı altında ele alınması doğru bir tespit olmayacaktır. Nitelikleri itibariyle şizofreni cünûn derecesindeyken; Alzheimer evrelerine göre ateh ya da cünûn olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Diğer yandan Obsesif Kompulsif Bozukluk edâ ehliyetini etkilemezken; patolojik kumar bireyi sefih noktasına getirmektedir. Kişinin ehliyetini farklı yönlerden etkileyen bu hastalıkların muâmelât sahasında da çeşitli tezahürleri görülmektedir. Bu çalışma tıp literatüründe akıl hastalığı olarak kabul görmüş rahatsızlıkların, İslam Hukukunda ehliyete etkisi açısından hangi noktada değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini ve muâmelât konusuna tesirlerini kapsamaktadır. Neticede geçerli bir hukuki işlem yapabilmek ya da var olanları sürdürebilmek hususunda Şizofreni, Alzheimer ve Patolojik Kumar hastalıklarının mecnûn, ma’tûh ve sefih olma açısından etkilerinin görüldüğü, ele alınan diğer hastalıkların edâ ehliyetinde bir kısıtlama hâlini oluşturmadığı saptanmıştır. ?
In Islamic Law, starting from the fetal stage and taking shape over time in parallel with mental and physical development, license is the primary factor in dealing with religious-legal acts. According to its active-passivity, this element, which has been classified as lisence to “vücûb” (have rights and obligations) and lisence to “edâ” (act), has been restricted or completely eliminated due to some defects. These defects, which negatively affect the person's license, are examined in the form of divine “semâvi” and acquired “mükteseb” defects in terms of being encountered/acquired. The important point here is in what direction the legal actions will be affected in the event of a person's license defected. Today, many disorders named mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer, epilepsy should be examined under different titles such as “cünûn” (losing one’s mind), “ateh” (having a weakened mind), and “sefeh” (prodigal) in Islamic Law. Thus, it would not be an accurate determination for every disorder named as mental illness to be dealt with under the title of cünûn. In terms of qualifications, while schizophrenia is at the degree of cünûn; Alzheimer is evaluated as ateh or cünûn, according to the stages of the disorder. On the other hand, while Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder does not affect “edâ” license, Pathological Gambling brings the individual to the point of becoming sefih. Various manifestations of these disorders, which affect a person's license in different ways, are also observed in the field of “muâmelât” (transaction). This study covers how these disorders, which accepted as mental illnesses in the medical literature, should be evaluated in terms of their effect on license in Islamic Law and their effects on the subject of muâmelât. As a result, it was determined that the effects of Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Pathological Gambling disorders in terms of being “mecnûn”, “ma’tûh” and “sefih” were observed in terms of taking a valid legal action or maintaining the existing ones, and other examined disorders considered as not constituting a restriction on the edâ license."
In Islamic Law, starting from the fetal stage and taking shape over time in parallel with mental and physical development, license is the primary factor in dealing with religious-legal acts. According to its active-passivity, this element, which has been classified as lisence to “vücûb” (have rights and obligations) and lisence to “edâ” (act), has been restricted or completely eliminated due to some defects. These defects, which negatively affect the person's license, are examined in the form of divine “semâvi” and acquired “mükteseb” defects in terms of being encountered/acquired. The important point here is in what direction the legal actions will be affected in the event of a person's license defected. Today, many disorders named mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer, epilepsy should be examined under different titles such as “cünûn” (losing one’s mind), “ateh” (having a weakened mind), and “sefeh” (prodigal) in Islamic Law. Thus, it would not be an accurate determination for every disorder named as mental illness to be dealt with under the title of cünûn. In terms of qualifications, while schizophrenia is at the degree of cünûn; Alzheimer is evaluated as ateh or cünûn, according to the stages of the disorder. On the other hand, while Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder does not affect “edâ” license, Pathological Gambling brings the individual to the point of becoming sefih. Various manifestations of these disorders, which affect a person's license in different ways, are also observed in the field of “muâmelât” (transaction). This study covers how these disorders, which accepted as mental illnesses in the medical literature, should be evaluated in terms of their effect on license in Islamic Law and their effects on the subject of muâmelât. As a result, it was determined that the effects of Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Pathological Gambling disorders in terms of being “mecnûn”, “ma’tûh” and “sefih” were observed in terms of taking a valid legal action or maintaining the existing ones, and other examined disorders considered as not constituting a restriction on the edâ license."
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
İslam Hukuku, Muâmelât, Ehliyet, Akıl Hastalıkları, Alzheimer, OKB, Şizofreni, Islamic Law, Transaction, License, Mental Illnesses, Alzheimer's, OCD, Schizophrenia
