Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

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dc.authoridYildirim, Ertan/0000-0003-3369-0645
dc.authoridARGIN, SANEM/0000-0002-2811-2202
dc.authoridZhirkova, Anastasiia/0000-0001-5232-075X
dc.authoridPerminova, Irina/0000-0001-9084-7851
dc.authoridKul, Raziye/0000-0002-5836-6473
dc.authoridKOCAMAN, AYHAN/0000-0002-1597-7936
dc.contributor.authorTuran, Metin
dc.contributor.authorEkinci, Melek
dc.contributor.authorKul, Raziye
dc.contributor.authorKocaman, Ayhan
dc.contributor.authorArgin, Sanem
dc.contributor.authorZhirkova, Anastasia M.
dc.contributor.authorPerminova, Irina, V
dc.date.accessioned2024-09-29T16:08:02Z
dc.date.available2024-09-29T16:08:02Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.departmentKarabük Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractIron deficiency, which severely decreases the plant yield and quality, is one of the major problems of calcareous soils. Foliar applications of humic substances and/or Fe fertilizers are environmentally friendly methods to cope with Fe deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of Fe/nano Fe and humic/fulvic acid-based biostimulant foliar applications on the Fe content and plant growth parameters of spinach. Treatment solutions were prepared either by mixing a common Fe fertilizer, FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O, with different commercial biostimulants (Fulvic-based: Fulvagra (R), Fulvagra (R) WSG; Humic-based: HS300 (R), Humin Fe (R) and Liqhumusc), Grevenbroich, Germany) or by mixing nano ferrihydrite with different ratios of fulvic substance (FA-50, FA-75, and FA-100) and humic acid (Nano Iron). Growth parameters (plant fresh and dry weights, plant dry matter, root fresh and dry weights, root dry matter, leaf number per plant, and leaf area); chlorophyll reading value (SPAD); chlorophyll (a,b, and total) and carotenoid contents; and leaf and root mineral contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Zn, B, active Fe, and total Fe) of samples were determined. Our results showed that foliar application of biostimulants together with Fe sources improved the nutrient uptake, chlorophyll contents, growth characteristics, and yield; however, not all humic substances had the same effect. When all parameters were considered, Fulvagra treatment-which contained 17% fulvic acid and microorganisms in its content together with 20 mM FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O-was the most effective application, followed by FA100 treatment containing fulvic acid and 20 mM nano ferrihydrite. This finding indicates that fulvic acid containing biostimulants is more effective in foliar applications than humic-based biostimulants against Fe deficiency due to their low molecular weight which enables better penetration into the leaves. In conclusion, foliar applications of fulvic substances together with Fe fertilizers can be used to increase the Fe uptake of crops and the yields under Fe-deficient conditions.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipstate task [121021000105-7]; scientific-educational school of the Lomonosov MSU Future of the planet and global change of the environmenten_US
dc.description.sponsorshipAuthors would like to acknowledge the support under the state task 121021000105-7 and the support of scientific-educational school of the Lomonosov MSU Future of the planet and global change of the environment. Also, we are very grateful to Humintech GmbH for generous support.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/agronomy12092044
dc.identifier.issn2073-4395
dc.identifier.issue9en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85138578157en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092044
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14619/7321
dc.identifier.volume12en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000856184700001en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1en_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMdpien_US
dc.relation.ispartofAgronomy-Baselen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.subjectironen_US
dc.subjectfertilizationen_US
dc.subjectspinachen_US
dc.subjectbiostimulantsen_US
dc.subjecthumic aciden_US
dc.subjectfulvic aciden_US
dc.subjectnano Feen_US
dc.subjectFe chelateen_US
dc.subjectactive Feen_US
dc.subjecttotal Feen_US
dc.titleFoliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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