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Öğe An enhanced approach to red mud (RM) sustainable management and utilization for marl stabilization considering the dynamic response and durability analysis(Elsevier, 2025-07) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Salimi, Mahdi; Keskin, İnan; Onur, Mehmet İnanç; Tabaroei, Abdollah; Dadgar, MohammadhosseinMarl soil, known for its high calcite content, presents significant challenges in construction projects due to its low strength and poor durability, especially under varying moisture conditions. In wet environments, marl often exhibits rapid disintegration, compromising stability and limiting its use in geotechnical applications. On the other hand, the worldwide disposal of red mud (RM) waste, an industrial by-product of alumina processing, has resulted in significant environmental concerns and substantial financial burdens. This study investigates the potential of RM for enhancing the mechanical, dynamic, and durability characteristics of marl soil under both dry and wet conditions. The experiments included the unconfined compressive strength test (UCS), Brazilian tensile strength test (BTS), bender element test (BET), long-time soaking test, as well as a set of microstructural analyses. The findings indicated that the UCS of the samples containing 30 % RM increased by 3.6 and 6.83 times after curing periods of 7 and 28, respectively, reaching an acceptable strength level even under wet conditions. Furthermore, RM was found capable of postponing the development of cracks and sustaining the integrity of the sample over the long term. RM treatment also improved the dynamic properties, increasing shear wave velocity by 127.9 % and reclassifying the soil from Class F (very weak) to Class D (very stiff) under seismic loading criteria. However, RM introduced brittle behavior to the treated samples, resulting in reduced axial strain and a 60–70 % drop in strength under wet conditions. Future research should focus on addressing these limitations by incorporating additional stabilizing agents. This study highlights the potential of RM for sustainable soil stabilization, offering an effective approach to managing industrial waste while enhancing marl's performance in geotechnical applications.Öğe Comparative Study of Swelling Pressure in Expansive Soils considering Different Initial Water Contents and BOFS Stabilization(Hindawi Ltd, 2023) Keskin, Inan; Salimi, Mahdi; Ateysen, Eylem Ozge; Kahraman, Selman; Vakili, Amir HosseinIn terms of geotechnical engineering, swelling soils are among the most important soil groups whose characteristics should be determined in detail before design studies. These types of soils cause significant damage to engineering structures. For this reason, it is expected that the swelling behavior of the soils will be known in advance to minimize the damage that may occur in the structures. Within the scope of this study, the swelling pressures of bentonite clay with 10 different water content were determined by keeping all conditions the same to reveal the effect of water content on soil swelling behavior. In this context, bentonite-type (montmorillonite content) clay, which has a very swelling property when it comes in contact with water, was used in the experiments. The fixed volume swelling pressure test method was used in the experiments and all samples were compressed at the same rate and placed in the swelling test device. In all samples left to swell with pure water, measurements were made for 10 days and the effects of swelling pressures on the initial water content were discussed. Thereafter, another swelling soil was stabilized using basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) during different curing times, and after performing the swelling pressure test, the results were compared with the findings obtained from different initial water contents. According to the results, while the swelling pressures increase in the regions close to optimum water content, significant decreases are observed in swelling pressure values in wetter and drier regions than in optimum water content. Finally, the results indicated that the application of BOFS, albeit small, after the proper curing time can significantly affect the swelling behavior of bentonite, even more than changing the initial water content.Öğe Dynamic response, durability, and carbon footprint analysis of the marl clay treated with sodium lignosulfonate as a sustainable-environmentally friendly approach(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Keskin, Inan; Salimi, Mahdi; Kol, Hamiyet Sahin; Onur, Mehmet Inanc; Abdullah, Abdulhadi Imhmed Abdulsalam; Awam, Awass Hamad MohamedIn the current study, the marl clay was improved by different contents of sodium lignosulfonate (NLS) and cured at different times and then, all samples were subjected to Bender Element (BE), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and Brazilian Tensile Strength (BTS) tests considering two different dry condition (DC) and wet condition (WC). The durability of the samples was further controlled by a special technique, namely the soaking test. The carbon footprint analysis was undertaken for a low-volume trench project to address the sustainability benefits associated with replacing cement and lime as traditional stabilizers with NLS. The results show that the reuse of NLS as a non-traditional alternative for stabilizing marl soil can play an influential role in improving dynamic parameters as well as sustainable development. It has been observed that the CO2 emission decreases up to 5.6 and 4.4 times compared to lime and cement, respectively. Additionally, the use of NLS enhances the UCS by 249%, BTS by 208%, and small strain shear modulus by 117%. Furthermore, reducing the adverse effects of the WC on soil properties, among others, was the main finding of utilizing the NLS in marl stabilization with curing time. NLS-treated marl samples were able to preserve the integrity of their particles even after being soaked in water for a period of 3 weeks. In contrast, the particles of the untreated sample started to disintegrate within a few seconds of initiating the soaking test. Finally, possible equations correlating the dynamic and static moduli were reported in this study.Öğe Effect of chitosan bio-polymer stabilization on the mechanical and dynamic characteristics of marl soils(Elsevier, 2023) Jamshidi, Mojtaba; Mokhberi, Mehdi; Vakili, Amir Hossein; Nasehi, AlirezaThe strength of marl soils decreases drastically in the variation of the water content. This has caused such soil to be introduced as problematic soil in geotechnical projects. In the present study, the effect of chitosan biopolymer on the static and dynamic properties of marl soil was investigated. To this end, different amounts of chitosan (up to 0.16%) were mixed with marl soil. Then samples were cured for 7, 28 and 90 days and finally subjected to 0, 1, 4 and 8Freeze-Thaw (F-T) cycles. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), direct shear, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and bender element tests were performed on the samples. The results showed that the UCS of the samples stabilized with 0.16% chitosan (as the optimal composition) increased by 227% after 7 days compared to that of unstabilized soil. Moreover, the values of cohesion and internal friction angle for the optimum mixture after 7 days of curing were equal to 38.76 kPa and 21.07 degrees, which was much higher than 21 kPa and 18.26 degrees related to the unstabilized marl soil. Chitosan was able to increase dynamic characteristics such as shear wave velocity and maximum shear modulus of samples by about 51 and 128% after 7 days of curing even after 8F-T cycles compared to those of unstabilized samples. Finally, chitosan exhibited that it can be a suitable alternative to traditional additives as an environmentally-friendly material, as confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses.Öğe Effect of polypropylene fibers on internal erosional behavior of poorly graded sandy soil stabilized with the binary mixtures of clay and polyvinyl acetate(Springer, 2023) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Rastegar, Shahram; Golkarfard, Hossein; Salimi, Mahdi; Izadneshan, ZahraInternal erosion refers to the mechanism of separation and movement of soil grains owing to water flow from a porous environment that may cause significant damage to the structures involved. In the present research, an environmentally friendly approach was used to improve the mechanical strength and erosion resistance of a poorly graded problematic sandy soil (SP) sample with a high degree of erodibility and negligible strength. For this purpose, polypropylene fibers (PP) (0, 0.35, 0.5 and 1%) were added to the studied sandy soil stabilized with different contents of clay (0, 5, 10 and 20%) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) resins (0, 1.2, 1.5 and 2%). The main goal of this study was to fully replace traditional stabilizers such as cement with durable and sustainable substitutes. The results revealed that the development in the strength of the samples by increasing the curing times was attributed to the time-dependent performance of PVAc content. Furthermore, the poorly graded sandy soil (PGSS) treated with PVAc and clay showed the highest mechanical strength equal to 2580 kPa after 28 days of curing. In terms of the Erosion Rate Index (ERI), the combination of 20% clay and 0.5% fiber along with 1.2% PVAc had the best performance, which was reported as 4.28 after 28 days. Among different samples reinforced by fiber, the highest ERI is related to the samples with 0.5% fibers at the 28-day curing time. The strength of the samples with clay inclusion was significantly higher than that of the samples with either PP fiber or PVAc inclusion, indicating the high potential of clay addition in developing the strength of the poorly graded sandy samples as confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. SEM observations revealed that the treated sand sample became denser as the content of the amendments increased.Öğe Effects of elevated temperature on mineralogical/microstructural changes and mechanical responses of clay soil(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Aryanpour, Marzieh; Falamaki, Amin; Vakili, Amir HosseinHigh temperatures can affect soil performance and alter its engineering behavior. In this study, a series of ex-periments were carried out on various soil samples provided under different heating conditions (i.e., heated sample and heated clay) to evaluate the various temperatures effects (elevated from 20 to 900 degrees C) on physical, chemical, mechanical, and mineralogical/microstructural characteristics of clayey samples. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of temperature and heating conditions on permeability, unconfined compressive strength, shear wave velocity, weight, color, pH, EC, XRD, and FESEM. The results indicated that dolomite can be broken down into magnesium oxide and calcite, and alpha quartz can be broken down into beta quartz. Calcite minerals decompose into calcium oxide at 900 degrees C, beta-quartz into alpha-cristobalite, and kaolinite into mullite and gehlenite. The decomposition of water from the hydroxyl structures of minerals in burnt soil is carbonated on the soil's surface up to a temperature of 700 degrees C; thus, the compressive strength of clay in the temperature range of 500-700 degrees C is approximately 97% lower than its maximum. At 900 degrees C, the formation of mullite, gehlenite, and various oxide structures, such as calcium and magnesium oxide, changes the structure of clay to a glassy and amorphous structure. This improves the strength of clay from 0.17 to 3.7 MPa; however, the permeability increases significantly due to the unstable glass structure. The shear wave velocity increased by approximately 2.74 times at 200 degrees C. It decreased from 300 to 700 degrees C, then increased to 416.7 m/s at 900 degrees C.Öğe Effects of polyvinyl acetate content on contact erosion parameters of pavement embankment constructed by dispersive soils(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Salimi, Mahdi; Keskin, Inan; Abujazar, Mohammed Shadi S.; Shamsi, MohammadThis study deals with the contact erosion investigation and mechanical properties of both the un-stabilized and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)-stabilized dispersive embankment layer. To this end, in addition to performing the specific dispersivity identification tests, i.e. pinhole and double hydrometer tests and contact erosion test for measuring the contact erosion parameters, a series of basic geotechnical tests was carried out. The microstructural changes with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test and financial analysis were studied respectively to understand underlying mechanisms of stabilization and to estimate the economic benefits owing to PVAc addition. The results indicated that 2% PVAc content was the most effective proportion such that it decreased the dispersion potential, mass loss, and settlement of the dispersive soil by 69.6%, 70.5%, and 68.5% respectively, and at the same time, the strength of the samples increased by 107.4% only after 7 days of curing. The reaction between the polarity carboxyl hydrophilic group of PVAc and the hydroxyl group of the soil led to form the strong hydrogen bonds, and therefore, the structure stability and strength of the soil were enhanced. The formation of reticulated membrane structures and stronger bonds between soil particles, as documented by SEM images, testified to the excellent efficiency of PVAc in dispersive soil stabilization. Finally, the accuracy of available correlations between soil dispersivity and contact erosion parameters was examined, and then, the correlations were developed to cover a broad range of soils by using the results of this study.Öğe Experimental investigation of the effect of landfill leachate on the mechanical and cracking behavior of polypropylene fiber-reinforced compacted clay liner(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Falamaki, Amin; Salimi, Mahdi; Vakili, Amir Hossein; Homaee, Mehdi; Aryanpour, Marzieh; Sabokbari, Maryam; Dehghani, RezaThis paper aims to investigate the effect of leachate on the geotechnical parameters and the cracking behavior of compacted clay liners (CCLs) containing different percentages of polypropylene fibers. Accordingly, 200 compacted clay samples were reinforced with different percentages of fiber contents (FC) (i.e., 0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1%) and prepared with water or leachate to conduct different laboratory tests. First, the physical properties of the clay were determined. Then, the shear strength parameters (i.e., cohesion and friction angle), unconfined compressive strength, and the hydraulic permeability were determined subjected to water or leachate. Notably, the cracking behavior was modeled using visual images of the samples. The leachate increased desiccation cracks in the natural soil from 0.425 to nearly 1.111%. However, the addition of 0.5% (in the case of water) and 1% (in the case of leachate) fiber to the soil reduced the surface desiccation cracks in clay liners to about 0.185 and 0.352%, respectively. In both water- or leachate-prepared samples, the addition of fibers significantly increased the cohesion and friction angle. The shear strengths of the unreinforced leachate-prepared samples were lower than those of the water-prepared samples. The shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of all specimens increased with increasing fiber percentage. The presence of fibers in all samples caused more ductile behavior. The required amount of energy to achieve the maximum strength in the samples increased with increasing FC. By increasing the percentage of fibers, the permeability of the natural soil and the leachate-prepared samples increased. However, the highest permeability was observed in the leachate-prepared samples containing 1% fibers of 8.3 x 10(-10) m/s, which is less than 10(-9) m/s (maximum allowable permeability for clay liners). Finally, the obtained results were satisfactorily confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.Öğe Innovative application of recycled waste biopolymers to enhance the efficiency of traditional compacted clay liners of landfill systems: Mitigating leachate impact(Elsevier, 2024) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Awam, Awass; Keskin, InanThis study explores the potential of sodium lignosulfonate (NLS) biopolymer to enhance the properties of compacted clay liner (CCL) in landfill systems, leading to recycling and reusing NLS for innovative applications. To do so, a series of tests, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), bender element (BE), SEM, XRD, XRF, and FTIR tests, were performed. To simulate the actual conditions of fields and durability analysis, four scenarios were determined including mixing CCL with either water or leachate and testing them under dry (DC) or wet conditions (WC) by either soaking in water or leachate. All these methods were applied to CCL stabilized with different NLS contents (up to 1.5 %) and cured at various times (up to 90 days). The results verified that, even in the worst-case scenario of soaking in leachate, the addition of 1 % NLS significantly enhanced the performance of CCLs, reducing the voids percentage by 85.5 % and increasing both strength and shear wave velocity by 52 % and 40 %, respectively. SEM-EDX and FTIR findings confirmed the potential of NLS, even in the presence of leachate, to create electrostatic attraction among the clay particles, develop polymer chains around them, and promote the formation of denser microstructures.Öğe Investigating the efficacy of nanoclay particles in controlling the contact erosion behavior of dispersive clays(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Vakili, Amir Hossein; Khajeh, Aghileh; Salimi, Mahdi; Patino, Juan Pablo Ocampo; Yaghoubi, SaeedErosion behavior at the interface of different layers is a critical consideration in pavement design and construction. Especially, this issue poses a particular challenge in dispersive clays, which are prone to excessive erosion. The current paper focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of nanoclay in stabilizing and mitigating the contact erosion behavior of dispersive clays. To do so, a range of experimental testing, including double hydrometer, pinhole, contact erosion and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests was employed. The findings revealed that incorporating 0.75% nanoclay content yielded significant results, leading to a remarkable 391% increase in the UCS, a notable 58% reduction in dispersivity potential (DP), a 53% decrease in eroded soil mass, and a 29% decrease in the dispersive clay settlement after a 28-day curing period. Additionally, new exponential correlations were successfully developed between soil dispersivity and contact erosion parameters (CEPs) with high coefficients of determination using over 50 contact erosion test results. To facilitate the estimation of CEPs, the values were made dimensionless including the ratios of eroded soil mass (m/m0), settlement (S/H), and void ratio (ef-e0/e0). Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microstructural image processing (MIP) confirmed the filling between soil particles and the reduction of the number of voids due to nanoclay incorporation into dispersive clays.Öğe Investigating the impact of travertine powder on strength and permeability of swelling clay(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Keskin, Inan; Arslan, Omer; Vakili, Amir HosseinStabilization of swelling soils with high volume change potential is an important topic in geotechnical engineering because irreversible and catastrophic damages will occur if they are not appropriately managed. This study aimed to determine the effect of travertine powder on the swelling, strength, and permeability properties of weak and swellable soils. Within the scope of the study, soil improvement performance of travertine powder, which can be used as a soil improvement tool, was analyzed in detail, and the effect of travertine powder on the hydraulic and strength properties of the soil was discussed comparatively. Waste powder from travertine quarries taken from Eskipazar (Turkey) and Bentonite clay with high swelling potential taken from Tokat (Turkey) was used in the study. Samples were prepared by adding 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of travertine powder to the Bentonite, and these mixtures were cured for 0-7-14-21-28-35 and 42-day periods. Unconfined compressive strength test, direct shear test, swelling pressure, and permeability tests were then conducted on each of the cured-stabilized samples. While the permeability coefficient, unconfined compressive strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle of bentonite samples with the additive increased over the curing time, the swelling pressure value decreased. The addition of travertine led to a substantial enhancement in the unconfined compressive strength (by 35%), internal friction angle (by 350), and cohesion (by 26%), while simultaneously reducing the swelling pressure by 58%. These findings emphasize that travertine powder enhances weak and swellable soils, offering an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution for improving engineering properties.Öğe Municipal Waste Incineration Fly Ash Engineering Applications with a View to Reducing Leaching of Heavy Metal Pollution(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Jamalimoghadam, Mohammad; Vakili, Amir Hossein; Saffarzadeh, Amirhomayoun; Ulutas, KadirMunicipal waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) is categorized as hazardous waste because of its high content of potentially toxic elements and other pollutants (e.g., heavy metal species and heavy metals leaching). Stabilizing and immobilizing heavy metals in fly ash or removing dioxins are two significant issues that must be overcome in treating and disposing of MSWIFA. This paper emphasizes state-of-art findings from literatures on the challenges of using ashes from the combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW). The reviewed articles suggested that the MSW ash can be safely used in various fields of engineering. However, the risk of using these substances in terms of environmental and human health conditions should be carefully considered.Öğe Navigating heavy metal removal: Insights into advanced treatment technologies for wastewater: A review(Global Network Environmental Science & Technology, 2024) Abdullayev, Eldar; Vakili, Amir Hossein; Amr, Salem S. Abu; Alazaiza, Motasem Y. D.This paper provides an overview of heavy metal removal technologies for wastewater treatment, with a focus on adsorption, chemical oxidation, ion exchange, and various coagulation processes. The review revolves around wastewater characterization as an essential first step in creating efficient treatment systems. The study examines the uses of different treatment technologies, emphasizing both their benefits and drawbacks. Although flocculation is a rapid and economical procedure, it produces high amounts of waste and needs further filtration and sedimentation. In addition, natural coagulants are found to be more environmentally friendly than synthetic ones, their effects on water quality may make disinfectants necessary. Despite their low toxicity, stability, and environmental advantages, hybrid coagulants have certain drawbacks that are related to operational variables. Despite its broad applicability and low cost, adsorption faces challenges with regeneration and sludge creation. Although it is acknowledged to have a high metal recovery rate, ion exchange is expensive and requires special maintenance. Chemical oxidation techniques, in particular advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are useful for eliminating heavy metals and breaking down organic materials. The limitations and difficulties of each approach are discussed in the abstract's conclusion, which highlights the necessity of future study aimed at enhancing treatment efficacy for extremely low quantities of heavy metals. The AOP shows a high efficiency in heavy metals removal with 98% of copper and 99% of cadmium. Adsorption technologies, such as activated carbon and zeolites, demonstrate high metal recovery rates of up to 95%. Ion exchange processes effectively remove heavy metals like mercury and arsenic, achieving removal efficiencies exceeding 99%Öğe New advancement of advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of Petroleum wastewater(Desalination Publ, 2024) Merchant, Ali Imran; Vakili, Amir Hossein; Kocaman, Ayhan; Amr, Salem S. AbuThis review delves into the significant potential of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for tackling the intricate issues found in treating petroleum wastewater. It particularly focuses on the utilization of processes like Fenton reactions, Ozonation-based AOPs, and photocatalytic techniques, highlighting their role in producing powerful reactive oxygen species capable of breaking down organic contaminants. The review also discusses recent advancements in merging Electro-Fenton and photocatalysis to enhance pollutant removal efficiency. Furthermore, it investigates how these methods are being applied specifically to petrochemical wastewater management, including innovative approaches like Fenton, Photo- Fenton, Electro-Fenton, Photo-catalytic oxidation, persulfate activation based AOPs. Operational cost including treatment time, energy requirements, pH adjustment, complexity of reactor setup, removal efficiencies and treated effluent quality, and by-products are some of the challenges critically examined. The article aims to highlight these issues and identify emerging challenges, proposing a shift towards more sustainable and effective wastewater treatment strategies in the future.Öğe Removal performance of leonardite toward volatile organic compounds and toxic metals from landfill leachates(Wiley, 2024) Kocaman, Ayhan; Turan, Metin; Vakili, Amir Hossein; Savas, Burak Feyyaz; Aydemir, Ozlem Ete; Cakici, AvniLeachate from municipal waste contains volatile organic compounds and potentially toxic metals. The leaching of which into water sources also jeopardizes access to clean water. Therefore, reducing the concentration of pollutants in leachate is important to reduce health risks and environmental pollution. In this study, the efficacy of granulated organic leonardite added to leachate from municipal waste in reducing the toxic concentrations of the leachate for different time points (30, 60, 90, and 120 min) at a shaking speed of 200 rpm was investigated. Results demonstrated that leonardite significantly removed various contaminants, including organic acids (71.16%), alcohols (74.31%), aldehydes (68.01%), esters (78.28%), ethers (81.03%), ketones (68.52%), hydrocarbons (84.25%), N compounds (78.56%), S compounds (80.67%), organic N (86.01%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (93.26%), NH4-N (84.83%), NO3-N (89.30%), SO4 (76.62%), PO4 (73.85%), organic C (50.07%), Hg (96.80%), Pb (95.99%), Cu (82.68%), Al (65.56%), total Cr (98.11%), Cd (99.28%), Li (96.31%), Ni (97.27%), and As (67.79%). The leonardite granules used in this study showed high adsorption and removal performance for organic/inorganic and volatile compounds in landfill leachate. These results indicate that leonardite can be a suitable adsorption material for leachate pretreatment. However, it is necessary to perform a durability test to use the material in the long term as a covering on landfills. Landfill leachate limits people's access to clean water. It potentially contains potentially toxic metals and carcinogenic substances and threatens humans and living organisms by entering the food chain. According to the current study, the use of leonardite in landfills can reduce the content of volatile compounds and potentially toxic metals in leachate which reduces health risks, soil, and water pollution. imageÖğe Slope topographic effects on the nonlinear seismic behavior of groups of similar buildings(Wiley, 2022) Shamsi, Mohammad; Shabani, Mohammad Javad; Zakerinejad, Mohammad; Vakili, Amir HosseinThe occurrence of vibrational energy exchange between neighboring buildings via soil is a well-known issue today as structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) problems. Furthermore, the seismic performance of buildings near the slopes considering seismic topography-soil-structure interaction (TSSI) is entirely different from their performance on the flat grounds considering seismic soil-structure interaction (SSI). Therefore, this study evaluates the seismic response of three moments resistant frame steel buildings with 15, 10, and 5 stories using three dimensional numerical analysis as a new topography-structure-soil-structure interaction (TSSSI) problem. This issue has not been investigated in previous studies to the best of the authors' knowledge. In each case of TSSSI, two, three, and four buildings with similar dynamic properties were simulated simultaneously. The effects of foundation's rocking, numbers of buildings, and the 2D and 3D arrangements of buildings were investigated, and the results of TSSSI cases were compared with the corresponding SSSI cases. The inelastic behavior for both building components and soil was considered in the simulations. Analyzes are performed based on seven earthquake records from which the average value was taken as final results. Results show that it is essential to consider the TSSSI effect, and it can completely change the seismic performance of buildings near the slopes. Although the effects of TSSI and SSSI on the seismic responses of the low-rise similar structures are negligible relative to the SSI cases, the results show that the nonlinear TSSSI effects of adjacent buildings should be fully considered even for 5-story low-rise structures.Öğe Soil Improvement by Electrokinetic Sodium Silicate Injection into a Sand Formation Containing Fine Grains(Springer, 2024) Falamaki, Amin; Noorzad, Ali; Homaee, Mehdi; Vakili, Amir HosseinThe effect of electrokinetic sodium silicate injection into sand formation containing fine grains was studied in this research. A soil was grouted by Na-silicate in a 160 mm length electrokinetic cell with a 1 V/cm potential gradient for 1 week. Silicate solutions of 5% and 10% concentrations were injected through the reservoir next to the anode electrode, while 10% phosphoric acid or 30 mg/l bicarbonate solutions were used in the cathode chamber. When comparing the results, it was evident that the electrokinetic (EK) process without additives does not significantly enhance soil strength, except in the vicinity of the cathode electrode. Specifically, the most notable increase in strength was observed in the section proximal to the cathode, which demonstrated approximately 3.1 times higher strength than the control sample (i.e., without EK application). The obtained results indicate that injecting 5% and 10% Na-silicate solutions significantly increase the strength of soil all over the sample. Significant improvement in soil strength was observed when Na-Si was injected with bicarbonate as a catholyte during the EK process. Strength at the anode increased by 82% and 107% at 5% and 10% Na-Si concentrations, respectively. Resistance in the middle of the cell samples remained consistent for both concentrations. Immediate application of bicarbonate catholyte and silicate injection notably enhanced soil strength, while efficiency decreased when Na-Si was injected with phosphoric acid catholyte, especially near the cathode. Higher silicate concentrations resulted in reduced penetration length in both acid and bicarbonate catholytes. It can also be concluded that adding silicate to the anode chamber meaningfully reduces the electro-osmotic flow after 2 or 3 days.Öğe Solidification and utilization of municipal solid waste incineration ashes: Advancements in alkali-activated materials and stabilization techniques, a review(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Jamalimoghadam, Mohammad; Vakili, Amir Hossein; Keskin, Inan; Totonchi, Arash; Bahmyari, HosseinResearchers are actively investigating methodologies for the detoxification and utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWIBA) and Fly Ash (MSWIFA), given their potential as alkali-activated materials (AAMs) with low energy consumption. Recent studies highlight that AAMs from MSWIFA and MSWIBA demonstrate significant durability in both acidic and alkaline environments. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the processes for producing MSWIFA and MSWIBA, evaluating innovative engineering stabilization techniques such as graphene nano-platelets and lightweight artificial cold-bonded aggregates, along with their respective advantages and limitations. Additionally, this review meticulously incorporates relevant reactions. Recommendations are also presented to guide future research endeavors aimed at refining these methodologies.Öğe State-of-the-art review on energy and load forecasting in microgrids using artificial neural networks, machine learning, and deep learning techniques(Elsevier Science Sa, 2023) Wazirali, Raniyah; Yaghoubi, Elnaz; Abujazar, Mohammed Shadi S.; Ahmad, Rami; Vakili, Amir HosseinForecasting renewable energy efficiency significantly impacts system management and operation because more precise forecasts mean reduced risk and improved stability and reliability of the network. There are several methods for forecasting and estimating energy production and demand. This paper discusses the significance of artificial neural network (ANN), machine learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) techniques in predicting renewable energy and load demand in various time horizons, including ultra-short-term, short-term, mediumterm, and long-term. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively review the methodologies and applications that utilize the latest developments in ANN, ML, and DL for the purpose of forecasting in microgrids, with the aim of providing a systematic analysis. For this purpose, a comprehensive database from the Web of Science was selected to gather relevant research studies on the topic. This paper provides a comparison and evaluation of all three techniques for forecasting in microgrids using tables. The techniques mentioned here assist electrical engineers in becoming aware of the drawbacks and advantages of ANN, ML, and DL in both load demand and renewable energy forecasting in microgrids, enabling them to choose the best techniques for establishing a sustainable and resilient microgrid ecosystem.Öğe A state-of-the-art review on the application of lignosulfonate as a green alternative in soil stabilization(Elsevier, 2024) Khajeh, Aghileh; Nazari, Zeynab; Movahedrad, Mehran; Vakili, Amir HosseinThe utilization of lignosulfonate (LS) as a naturally derived biopolymer sourced from lignin in soil stabilization has gained significant attention in recent years. Its intermolecular interaction, hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects, adhesive and binding properties, erosion control abilities, compatibility with various soil types, and environmental sustainability make it a promising alternative to traditional soil stabilizers as well as highlighting its importance. By integrating LS into soil stabilization practices, soil properties can be enhanced, and an ecofriendlier approach can be adopted in the construction sector. This comprehensive review paper extensively examines the applications and structure of LS, as well as their efficacy and mechanisms on a micro-level scale. Afterward, it discusses the geotechnical characteristics of LS-treated soils, including consistency characteristics, dispersivity properties and erosion behavior, electrical conductivity, compaction parameters, permeability and hydraulic conductivity, compressibility characteristics, swelling potential, strength and stiffness properties, durability, and cyclic loading response. In general, LS incorporation into the soils could enhance the geotechnical properties. For instance, the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of fine-grained soils was observed to improve up to 105 %, while in the case of granular soils, the improvement can be as high as 450 %. This review also examines the economic and environmental efficiency, as well as challenges and ways forward related to LS stabilization. This can lead to economic and environmental benefits given the abundance of LS as a plant polymer for cleaner production and owing to its carbon neutrality and renewability.
